Concrete poetry

Resource on concrete, visual and optical poetry.

Poets, authors, collectives, initiatives

• Milan Adamčiak
• Luis Alvarado
• Ronaldo Azeredo
• Lenora de Barros
• Derek Beaulieu
• Max Bense
• BpNichol
• Edgard Braga
• Augusto de Campos
• Haroldo de Campos
• Rosemarie Castoro
• Henri Chopin
• Paula Claire
• Wlademir Dias-Pino
• Stanisław Dróżdż
• Johanna Drucker
• Eugen Gomringer
• Bohumila Grögerová
• José Lino Grünewald
• Josef Hiršal
• Dom Sylvester Houédard
• Jiří Hůla
• Bengt Emil Johnson
• Vasily Kamensky
• Anatol Knotek
• Hansjörg Mayer
• New Tendencies
• Ry Nikonova
• Ewa Partum
• Décio Pignatari
• Juan Carlos Romero
• Dieter Roth
• Ardengo Soffici
• Mary Ellen Solt
• Bálint Szombathy
• UbuWeb
• Jiří Valoch
• Nico Vassilakis
• Edgardo Antonio Vigo
• Wiener Gruppe

See also Women in concrete poetry.

Iliazd (ed.), Poésie de mots inconnus, 1949, Log, PDF.

Jeff Berner (ed.), Astronauts of Inner Space: An International Collection of Avant-garde Activity, 1966, Log, PDF.

Emmett Williams (ed.), An Anthology of Concrete Poetry, 1967, Log, PDF.

Mary Ellen Solt (ed.), Concrete Poetry: A World View, 1968/1970, PDF, HTML.

Eugen Gomringer (ed.), konkrete poesie: deutschsprachige autoren, 1972, Log, PDF.

Alan Riddell (ed.), Typewriter Art, 1975, Log, PDF.

Anthologies

See also exhibition catalogues.

• Poésie de mots inconnus, ed. Iliazd (Ilya Zdanevitch), Paris: Le Degre 41, 1949, 26 folded sheets. [1] (French)
• Concrete Poesie international. 13 Texte, Stuttgart: Hansjörg Mayer, 1965, [14] sheets.
• rot 21: "konkrete poesie international", eds. Max Bense and Elisabeth Walther, Stuttgart, 1965, [46] pp.
• Poesie visive, ed. & intro. Lamberto Pignotti, Bologna: Sampietro, 1965. Works by Alfredo Giuliani, Adriano Spatola, Luigi Tola, and Guido Ziveri. Special issue of Il Dissenso 8, part of Antologia della poesia visiva published as Il Dissenso 5-8. (Italian)
• Astronauts of Inner Space: An International Collection of Avant-garde Activity, ed. Jeff Berner, 1966, 66 pp. (English)
• Beloit Poetry Journal 17(1), ed. Stephen Bann, 1966. (English)
• Modulo 1: "poesia concreta", ed. Arrigo Lora Totino, Torino, 1966, 119 pp. (Italian)
• Concrete Poetry: An International Anthology, ed. Stephen Bann, London: London Magazine Editions, 1967. [2] (English)
• An Anthology of Concrete Poetry, ed. Emmett Williams, New York: Something Else Press, and Stuttgart: hansjörg mayer, 1967; repr., New York: Primary Information, 2013, 342 pp.
• Experimentální poezie, eds. Josef Hiršal and Bohumila Grögerová, intro. Miloš Jůzl, Prague: Odeon, 1967, 265 pp. [3] (Czech)
• Bientot, ed. Jean Francois Bory, 1967. (French)
  • Once Again, ed. Jean-François Bory, New Directions, 1968, 132 pp. (English)
• Chicago Review 19(4): "Anthology of Concretism", ed. Eugene Wildman, Chicago, Sep 1967, 144 pp; rev. & exp. as Anthology of Concretism, Chicago: Swallow Press, 1969; 2nd ed., 1970, xi+165 pp, IA. (English)
• Artes Hipánicas/Hispanic Arts: A Magazine of Literature, Music and Visual Arts / Revista de Literatura Musica y Artes Visuales, 1(3-4): "A World Look at Concrete Poetry", ed. Mary Ellen Solt, Spring 1968; new ed. as Concrete Poetry: A World View, Bloomington: Indian University Press, 1970, 311 pp, IA, HTML. Review: Coelho (LBR, PT). [4] [5] (English)
• Experiments in Prose, ed. Eugene Wildman, Chicago: Swallow Press, 1969, x+351 pp. TOC. [6]
• The Cosmic Chef, ed. bpNichol, Oberon Press, 1970, UbuWeb. (English)
• Exempla: documenti di poesia concreta e visuale / Documents of Concrete and Visual Poetry, ed. Maurizio Nannucci, Florence: Exempla, 1970, 36 [leaves], 20.5 x 11 cm. [7] (Italian)/(English)
• rot 41: "konkrete poesie international II", eds. Max Bense and Elisabeth Walther, Stuttgart, 1970.
• Mindplay: An Anthology of British Concrete Poetry, ed. John J. Sharkey, London: Lorrimer Publishing, 1971, 96 pp, IA. (English)
• This Book is a Movie: An Exhibition of Language Art & Visual Poetry, eds. Jerry G. Bowles and Tony Russell, New York: Dell Publishing, 1971, 320 pp. [8] (English)
• konkrete poesie: deutschsprachige autoren, ed. Eugen Gomringer, Stuttgart: Reclam, 1972, 174 pp; new ed., 2001. (German)
• Typewriter Poems, ed. Peter Finch, 1972. (English)
• Found Poems, ed. Malcolm Parr, 1972. (English)
• The Pipe: Recent Czech Concrete Poetry, eds. Jiri Valoch and bpNichol, Toronto: Coach House, 1973. [9] (English)
• Computer Poems, ed. Richard W. Bailey, Drummond Island, MI: Potagannissing Press, 1973, 53 pp. (English)
• Antologia da poesia concreta em Portugal, eds. José-Alberto Marques and E.M. de Melo e Castro, Lisbon: Assírio & Alvim, 1973, 163 pp. Introduction. (Portuguese)
• Italian Visual Poetry, 1912-1972, ed. Luigi Ballerini, Finch College Museum / Istituto Italiano di Cultura, 1973.
• Gloup and Woup, ed. Bob Cobbing, 1974. (English)
• Typewriter Art, ed. & intro. Alan Riddell, London: London Magazine Editions, 1975, 157 pp. (English)
• Speaking Pictures: A Gallery of Pictorial Poetry from the Sixteenth Century to the Present, ed. Milton Klonsky, New York: Harmony Books, 1975, xvi+333 pp, IA, IA. (English)
• Anthologie visuele poëzie. 133 dichters uit 25 landen / Visual Poetry Anthology: 133 Poets from 25 Countries, ed. G.J. de Rook, The Hague: Bert Bakker, 1975, [222] pp. (Dutch)/(English)
• Illuminations, ed. Richard Kostelanetz, Woodinville, WA: Laughing Bear, 1977, 48 pp. Excerpt. (English)
• International Anthology of Concrete Poetry, ed. John Jessop, Toronto: Missing Link Press & Poetry Toronto Books, 1978. (English)
• Antologija konkretne in vizualne poezije, ed. Denis Poniž, Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1978, 229 pp. [10] (Slovenian)
• Text–Sound Texts, ed. Richard Kostelanetz, New York: William Morrow, 1980, 441 pp. (English)
• 4 Major Visual Poets: Ruth Jacoby, Richard Kostelanetz, Tom Ockerse, Michael Joseph Phillips, ed. Michael Joseph Phillips, Indianapolis: Free University Press, 1980. (English)
• Poesia concreta, eds. Iumna Maria Simon, Vinicius Dantas and Abril Educacao, São Paulo, 1982, 111 pp. (Brazilian Portuguese)
• Poesía concreta. A. Artaud, M. Bense, D. Pignatari y otros, ed. Jorge Santiago Perednik, Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de America Latina, 1982, 146 pp. (Spanish)
• Juan Pintó, La poesia experimental: del concretismo hasta nuestro dias, Merida, Venezuela: Universidad de los andes, 1983, 133 pp. (Spanish)
• c/o Visual PoetryAnthology, eds. Franco Beltrametti and Patrizia Vicinelli, Bologna: c/o, 1984, 70 pp. (English)
• Die Wiener Gruppe. Achleitner, Artmann, Bayer, Rühm, Wiener, ed. Gerhard Rühm, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1985. (German)
• Poemografias: perspectivas da poesia visual portuguesa, eds. Fernando Aguiar and Silvestre Pestana, Lisbon: Ulmeira, 1985, 274 pp. Hatherly's essay. [11] [12] (Portuguese)
• WortBILD: visuelle Poesie in der DDR, eds. Guillermo Deisler and Jörg Kowalski, Halle and Leipzig: Mitteldeutscher Verlag, 1990, 163 pp. Anthology of East German visual poetry. (German)
• Verbi Visi Voco: A Performance of Poetry, eds. Bob Cobbing and Bill Griffiths with Jennifer Pike, intro. Eric Mottram, London: Writers Forum, 1992, 310 pp. An anthology of visual and sound poetry. List of contributors. [13] (English)
• Visible Language 27(4): "Visual Poetry: An International Anthology", ed. Harry Polkinhorn, Autumn 1993, 108 pp, PDFs. (English)
• Vrh kostek: česká experimentální poezie [1968], eds. Josef Hiršal and Bohumila Grögerová, Prague: Torst, 1993, 408 pp. Anthology of Czech visual poetry; originally prepared for publication in 1968. TOC. Publisher. [14] (Czech)
• 7 Poets/7 Poems: A Portfolio of Visual Poems, Minneapolis, MN: Hermetic Press, 1995, [7] pp. (English)
• Il suono e le parole: otto artisti europei sonori visuali, ed. Alfonso Malinconico, Naples: Marcus, 2006, 168 pp. Review: Colusso. [15] (Italian)
• The Last Vispo Anthology: Visual Poetry 1998-2008, eds. Nico Vassilakis and Crag Hill, Seattle, WA: FantaGraphics, 2012, 331 pp. Project website. Publisher. Journal issue containing responses. (English)
• An Anthology of Concrete Poetry (in braille), ed. Rachel Simkover, Berlin: Motto Books, 2013. [16]
• Poesía visual mexicana. La palabra transfigurada, 5 vols., ed. Carlos Pineda, México: Ediciones del Lirio, 2013. Vol. 1, Vol. 2, Vol. 3, Vol. 5. Review: Hernández Espinosa (Ancila). [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] (Spanish)
• Evening Will Come 33: "Women of Visual Poetry", ed. & intro. Jessica Smith, Sep 2013.
• Typewriter Art: A Modern Anthology, ed. Barrie Tullett, Laurence King, 2014, 176 pp. [23] (English)
• Marvin Sackner, Ruth Sackner, The Art of Typewriting, pref. John Maeda, forew. Steven Heller, London: Thames & Hudson, 2015, 351 pp. A selection of works from the Sackner Archive of Visual and Concrete Poetry by 200+ artists. Publisher. [24] (English)
• The New Concrete: Visual Poetry in the 21st Century, eds. Victoria Bean and Chris McCabe, London: Hayward Publishing, 2015, 240 pp. Review: Poynor (Creative Rev). [25] [26] [27] (English)
• Women in Concrete Poetry: 1959-1979, eds. Alex Balgiu and Mónica de la Torre, New York: Primary Information, Sep 2020, 480 pp. Publisher.

more

Magazines, periodicals

• Noigandres, 5 numbers, eds. Haroldo de Campos, Augusto de Campos, Décio Pignatari, and Reinaldo Azeredo, São Paulo: Grupo Noigandres, 1952-1962. Reprint. [28]. (Brazilian Portuguese)
• spirale, 9 numbers, eds. Eugen Gomringer (1-9), Dieter Roth (1-4), Marcel Wyss (2-9), and Karl Gerstner (5-9), Bern: Spirale Press, 1953-1964. Book, Review. [29], [30]. (German)
• De Tafelronde, eds. Andries Dhoeve, Peter Dietrich, Rudo Durant, and Henri Chopin, Antwerp, 1953-1981. [31] [32] (Dutch)
• material: Journal for Concrete Poetry and Fine Art, 5 numbers, ed. Daniel Spoerri, Darmstadt & Paris, 1957-1959. [33]. [34], [35], [36].
• Cinquième Saison, 16 numbers, ed. Henri Chopin, 1958-1963.
• Fuck You: A Magazine of the Arts, 9 numbers, ed. Ed Sanders, New York, 1962-1965. (English)
• Invenção: revista de arte de vanguardia, 5 numbers, eds. Décio Pignatari, Pedro Xisto, and Edgard Braga, São Paulo, 1962-1967. [37]. [38]. (Brazilian Portuguese)
• Poor.Old.Tired.Horse., 25 numbers, ed. Ian Hamilton Finlay, 1962-1968. Published an increasing amount of visual poetry from issue 5 onwards. See also issue of Roland dedicated to magazine (2009). (English)
• Diagonal Cero, 28 numbers, ed. Edgardo Antonio Vigo, et al., La Plata/Argentina, 1962-1968. [39]. (Spanish)
• Marrahwannah Quarterly, ed. d.a. levy, Cleveland, 1964-1967. (English)
• Poems for a Thaler, 4 numbers, eds. Vagn Steen and Hans-Jørgen Nielsen, 1964-1965. (Danish)
• Revue Ou, 28 numbers, ed. Henri Chopin, 1964-1974; new ed., Alga Marghen, 2007, 4 CDs+book. Multimedia magazine of visual poetry and sound poetry. [40]
• Futura, 26 numbers, ed. Hansjörg Mayer, Stuttgart, 1965-1968. [41]
• Approches, 4 numbers, eds. Jean-François Bory and Julien Blaine, Paris: Approches, 1965-1969. [42] (French)
• Buddhist Third Class Junkmail Oracle, ed. d.a. levy, Cleveland, 1967-1969. (English)
• Stereo Headphones: An Occasional Magazine of the New Poetries, 10 numbers, ed. Nicholas Zurbrugg, Kersey near Ipswich, UK: Nicholas Zurbrugg, 1969-1982. Minimalist, sound, visual and concrete poetry. [43] [44] (English)
• Signal: internacionalna revija za signalistička istraživanja, 9+21 numbers, ed. Miroljub Todorović, et al., Belgrade, 1970-1973 & 1995-2004. No. 1, 4-5, 8-9. WP. (Serbo-Croatian),(Hungarian),(English)
• Kaldron, ed. Karl Kempton, 1976-1990, since 1997 online. Issue 11 (1980), Issue 15 (1982), Issue 19 (1985). [45]
• Konkret, 1 issue, ed. Eric Amann, Toronto, 1979. (English)
• UNI/vers(;), 35 numbers, ed. Guillermo Deisler, Halle, 1987-1995. (English)
• Essex Magazine, 4 numbers, eds. Scott Pound and William R. Howe, 1997-1998. Features the resurgence of visual poetry in Toronto and Buffalo in the 1990s. (English)

Between Poetry and Painting, 1965, Log, PDF, IA, UbuWeb.

Exhibition catalogues

• Konkrete Texte. Studium Generale, Stuttgart: Technische Hochschule Stuttgart, 1959, [14] pp. DeCampos A ; Pignatari D ; DeCampos H ; Azeredo R ; Ruhm G ; Heissenbuttel H ; Gomringer E ; Shannon C ; Bense M. [46] (German)

• Konkrete Dichtung aus Brasilien. Noigandres Gruppe: Augusto de Campos, Décio Pignatari, Haroldo de Campas, Ronaldo Azeredo, José Lino Grünewald, forew. Helmut Heißenbüttel, Freiburg: Lateinamerikanischer Kreis an der Universität Freiburg im Breisgau, 1963, [16] pp. Exh. held 14-19 Jan 1963. (German)

• First International Exhibition of Concrete, Kinetic and Phonetic Poetry, ed. Mike Weaver, Cambridge, UK, 1964. Exh. held in the Rushmore Rooms, St. Catharine's College, Cambridge, UK, 28 Nov-5 Dec 1964. [47] (English)

• Between Poetry and Painting, ed. Jasia Reichardt, London: Institute of Contemporary Arts, 1965, 81 pp. Exh. held 22 Oct-27 Nov 1965. (English)

• Obraz a písmo, eds. Zdeněk Felix and Jiří Kolář, Kolín: Museum v Kolíňe, 1966, [25]+[20] pp. Jiří Kolář; Josef Hiršal; Jiří Valoch; Bohumila Grögerová; Ladislav Novák; Zdeněk Barborka; Ladislav Nebeský; Věra Jirousová; Emil Juliš; Vladimír Burda; Jindřich Procházka. (Czech)

• Poesía concreta internacional, ed. Ida Rodríguez Prampolini, México: Galería Universitaria Aristos / Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1966, [22] pp. (Spanish)

• Epok anno '66: licht en beweging, konkrete poëzie, Velp: Epok, 1966, 7 pp. Exh. held 26 Feb-27 Mar 1966. (Dutch)

• Expozice experimentální hudby. Konkrétní hudba. Fónická poezie, Brno: Studio Českého rozhlasu, 1969. (Czech)

• Konkrete Poesie deutschsprachiger Autoren, ed. Hansjörg Schmitthenner, Munich: Goethe-Institut, 1969, 48 pp.
  • Poesia concreta de autores de lingua alema / Konkrete Poesie deutschsprachiger Autoren, Munich: Goethe-Institut, 1973, 64 pp. (German)/(Portuguese)

• Concrete Poetry: An Exhibition in Four Parts, Vancouver: UBC Fine Arts Gallery, 1969, [10+25] leaves. Exh. held 13 Apr-5 May 1969. With essays by Michael Rhodes, Edwin Varney, Ian Hamilton Finlay & Stephen Scobie, Ian Wallace, Kurt Von Meier (on Michael Morris) and Michael Morris (on Ray Johnson). [48]

• Novisima poesia /69, Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Educacion, 1969. (Spanish)

• Klankteksten, konkrete poëzie, visuele teksten / Sound Texts, Concrete Poetry, Visual Texts / Akustische Texte, konkrete Poesie, visuelle Texte, Amsterdam: Stedelijk Museum, 1970, 230 pp, PDF. With LP. Exh. curated by Hansjörg Mayer (DE), Reinhard Döhl (DE), Bob Cobbing (UK) and Paul De Vree (BE); held at Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, Nov 1970; International Cultural Centre, Antwerp; Stuttgart; Nuremberg; Liverpool; Oxford. [49] [50] (Dutch)/(English)/(German)

• Grenzgebiete der bildenden Kunst. Konkrete Poesie, Bild, Text, Textbilder, Computerkunst, Musikalische Graphik, ed. Arnulf M. Wynen, Stuttgart: Staatsgalerie Stuttgart, 1972, 136+[10] pp. Reinhard Döhl's essay. [51] (German)

• Taalbeeld-beeldtaal. Nederlandse visuele dichters, Amsterdam: Kunsthistorisch Instituut, 1975. Exh. held 14 Nov-6 Dec 1975. (Dutch)

• Czeska i słowacka poezja konkretna, ed. Barbara Baworowska, Wroclaw: Muzeum Narodowe we Wrocławiu, 1976, [23] pp. (Polish)

• Arti visive. Poesia visiva. / Visual Poetry by Women, an International Exhibition in Venice, ed. Mirella Bentivoglio, intro. Franca Zoccoli, Rome: Studio d'Arte Contemporanea, 1976, [27] cards+[3] leaves, 22 x 16 cm. Introduction, Artist list. A gathering of artists’ cards documenting visual and concrete poetry all created by women from Italy, England, Germany, United States, Czechoslovakia, Portugal, Canada, and Japan. Organized by Bentivoglio, this multiyear exhibit traveled form city to city throughout Italy (Milan, Savona, Rome, Turin) starting in 1972. Participating artists: Annalisa Alloatti, Mirella Bentivoglio, Irma Blank, Paul Claire, Lia Drei, Ulrike Eberle, Anna Esposito, Amelia Etlinger, Gisela Frankenberg, Ilse Garnier, Bohumila Grögerová, Ana Hatherly, Annalies Klophaus, Liliana Landi, Giulia Niccolai, Anna Oberto, Anezia Pacheco e Chaves, Marguerite Pinney, Betty Radin, Giovanna Sandri, Mira Schendel, Mary Ellen Solt, Chima Sunada, Salette Tavares, Biljana Tomić, Patrizia Vicinelli. [52] (Italian),(English)

• Materializzazione del linguaggio, ed. Mirella Bentivoglio, Biennale di Venezia 1978-Arti visive e architettura, 1978, 55 pp. Exh. held 20 Sep-15 Oct 1978 featuring works by 86 women artists. Text by Mirella Bentivoglio, biographies of the exhibiting artists including Sonia Delaunay, Natalia Goncharova, Irma Blank, Mirella Bentivoglio, Lia Dreai, Chiara Diamantini, Elisabetta Gut, Ketty La Rocca, Lucia Marcucci, Simona Weller, Carla Vasio, Giulia Niccolai, Paola Levi Montalcini, Maria Lai, Tomaso Binga. [53] {{it}

• Vom Aussehen der Wörter: visuelle Poesie/Notationen, eds. Michael Erlhoff and Bernhard Holeczek, Hannover: Das Kunstmuseum, 1980, 215 pp. Exh. held at Kunstmuseum Hannover mit Sammlung Sprengel, 14 Nov-7 Dec 1980. (German)

• auf ein Wort! Aspekte visueller Poesie und visueller Musik, ed. Dietrich Mahlow, Heidelberg: Braus, 1987, 176 pp. Exh. held at four venues in Mainz. (German)

• Visuelle Poesie, eds. Guillermo Deisler and Karla Sachse, Club der Kulturschaffenden "Johannes R. Becher", 1988, [30] pp. (German)

• Text als Figur: visuelle Poesie von der Antike bis zur Moderne, eds. Jeremy Adler and Ulrich Ernst, Weinheim: Acta Humaniora, 1990, 336 pp. Exh. held at Zeughaus der Herzog-August-Bibliothek, 1 Sep 1987-23 May 1988. (German)

• Visuelle Poesie, eds. Karla Sachse and Guillermo Deisler, Gotha: Museen der Stadt Gotha, 1990, [34] pp. (German)

• Konkrete Poesie. Innovation und Tradition, ed. Ulrich Engel, Wuppertal: Bergische Univ., 1991, 130 pp. Exh. held at Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 14 May-7 Jun 1991. (German)

• Peacedream Project. UNI/vers(;). 5 Jahre / 5 Years, ed. Guillermo Deisler, Halle/Saale, 1992, [31] pp. Published after UNI/vers(;) 18. (German)

• Peacedream Project. UNI/vers(;). 5 Jahre, ed. Guillermo Deisler, Halle/Saale, 1992, [12] pp. Published after UNI/vers(;) 20. (German)

• Poésure et peintrie: d'un art, l'autre, eds. Bernard Blistène and Véronique Legrand, Marseille: Réunion des musées nationaux, 1993, 655 pp. Exh. held at the Centre de la Vieille Charité, Marseille, 12 Feb-23 May 1993. [54] (French)

• Buchstäblich wörtlich, wörtlich buchstäblich. Eine Sammlung konkreter und visueller Poesie der sechziger Jahre in der Nationalgalerie, Berlin, ed. Michael Glasmeier, Berlin: Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, 1994, 281 pp. (German)

• Báseň, obraz, gesto, zvuk: experimentální poezie 60. let, Prague: Památník národního písemnictví, 1997, 43+[51] pp. Texts by Josef Hiršal, Petr Kotyk, Josef Hlaváček, et al. Exh. held at Zimní refektář Strahovského kláštera, 10 Mar-2 Jun 1997. [55] (Czech)

• Akce, slovo, pohyb, prostor. Experimenty v umění šedesátých let, ed. Vít Havránek, Prague: Galerie hl. města Prahy, 1999, 508 pp. TOC. [56] (Czech)

• Concrete Poetry, Fluxus and Conceptual Art: A Book Friction, ed. Marc Goethals, Ghent: Witte Zaal, 2008, 100 pp. Introduction. [57] [58] (English)

• El ojo de la palabra: primera muestra de arte y visualidad en la poesía peruana [The eye of the word: first exhibition of art and visuality in 20th century Peruvian poetry], ed. Pamela Medina, Lima: Biblioteca Nacional del Perú, 2016. (Spanish)

• From Concrete to Liquid to Spoken Worlds to the Word, Genève: Centre d'Art Contemporain Genève, 2017. Exh. held 31 May-31 Aug 2017. Review: Watson (Artforum).

Bibliography

• Kathleen McCullough, Concrete Poetry: An Annotated International Bibliography, with an Index of Poets and Poems, Troy, NY: Whitston Publishing, 1989. (English)

Archives, resources

• Visual Poetry on UbuWeb
• The Sackner Archive of Visual and Concrete Poetry, est. 1979 in Miami Beach, Florida.
• The Archive of Maurizio Spatola, incl. 20+ scanned publications. Blog.
• Fondazione Bonotto & Luigi Bonotto Collection, Molvena, Italy.
• Concrete poetry in Bibliotheque Kandinsky
• Poesia Concreta: A Projeto Verbivocovisual, São Paulo.
• Lori Emerson's blog posts on visual poetry
• Visual Poetry, a tumblr by Anatol Knotek, Vienna.
• Editions of concrete poetry by Canadian poets, 1965-2020, compiled by Derek Beaulieu, 2020ff.
• Anthony Etherin's pdf archive of leaflets and chapbooks
• Timglaset books and zines pdf archive

Recent exhibitions

• A Tumultuous Assembly: Visual Poems of the Italian Futurists, Getty Center, Los Angeles, Aug 2006-Jan 2007.
• Letters: Michael Morris and Concrete Poetry, Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, Walter C. Koerner Library, and Satellite Gallery, Vancouver, Jan-Apr 2012. Curated by Scott Watson and Michael Turner.
• A Token of Concrete Affection, 1 Dec 2014-1 Mar 2015. Curated by Bronaċ Ferran at the Centre of Latin American Studies. Works from the personal collection of Stephen Bann relating to close exchanges between Cambridge and Brazilian poets in the 1960s.
• Graphic Constellations: Visual Poetry & the Properties of Space, Cambridge, UK, 22 Jan-21 Feb 2015. Curated by Bronac Ferran and Will Hill. Celebrates the 50th anniversary of the First International Exhibition of Concrete, Kinetic and Phonetic Poetry held in Cambridge in late 1964. [59] [60]
• Concerning Concrete Poetry, Badischer Kunstverein, Karlsruhe, Feb-Apr 2016. Selection from Bob Cobbing’s and Peter Mayer’s collections. Curated by Andrew Hunt and Anja Casser. [61]
• Design & The Concrete Poem, Lighthouse, Glasgow, 28 Sep-6 Oct 2016. Curated by Bronac Ferran. [62]
• Concrete Poetry, Concrete Book: Artists' Books in German-Speaking Space after 1945, University of Chicago Library, Jan-Mar 2017.
• Concrete Poetry: Words and Sounds in Graphic Space, Getty Research Institute, 28 Mar-30 Jul 2017.
• Hansjörg Mayer: The Smell of Ink, ZKM, Karlsruhe, 1 Apr-2 Jul 2017. Curated by Margit Rosen.

Reception, art historical studies, theory

Augusto de Campos, Décio Pignatari, Haroldo de Campos, Teoria da Poesia Concreta – Textos Críticos e Manifestos 1950-1960, 1965; 2nd ed., 1975, Log, PDF.

Josef Hiršal, Bohumila Grögerová (eds.), Slovo, písmo, akce, hlas. K estetice kultury technického věku, 1967, Log, PDF.

Bit International 5-6: "The Word Image", 1969, Log, PDF.

Dick Higgins, Pattern Poetry: Guide to an Unknown Literature, 1987, Log.

General

• Eugen Gomringer, "vom vers zur konstellation", Augenblick 1:2, 1955. (German)
• Augusto de Campos, Décio Pignatari, Haroldo de Campos, Teoria da Poesia Concreta – Textos Críticos e Manifestos 1950-1960, 1965; 2nd ed., São Paulo: Duas Cidades, 1975. (Brazilian Portuguese)
• Franz Mon, Zur Poesie der Fläche / Texte in den Zwischenräumen, St. Gallen: Galerie Press, 1966, 12 pp. [63] (German)
• Josef Hiršal, Bohumila Grögerová (eds.), Slovo, písmo, akce, hlas. K estetice kultury technického věku, Prague: Československý spisovatel, 1967, 256 pp. (Czech)
• Franz Mon, "An eine Säge denken", Akzente 15, 1968, pp 429-436. (German)
• Bit International 5-6: "The Word Image: poésie concrète / Oslikovljena riječ: konkretna poezija", ed. Vera Horvat-Pintarić, Zagreb: Galerije grada Zagreba, 1969, 145 pp. Texts by Vera Horvat-Pintarić, Branimir Donat, Max Bense, Tomaž Brejc, Siegfried J. Schmidt, and Željko Bujas. (Serbo-Croatian)/(English),(French),(German)
• David William Seaman, French Concrete Poetry: The Development of a Poetic Form from the Origins to the Present Day, Stanford University, 1970, xiv+522 pp. PhD dissertation. (English)
• Text + Kritik 25: "Konkrete Poesie I", ed. H.L. Arnold, Munich, 1970. (German)
• Text + Kritik 30: "Konkrete Poesie II", ed. H.L. Arnold, Munich, 1971. (German)
• Klaus Peter Dencker, Text-Bilder: visuelle Poesie international: von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, Cologne: M. DuMont Schauberg, 1972, 190 pp. Review: Arnheim (Leonardo). (German)
• Thomas Kopfermann (ed.), Theoretische Positionen zur Konkreten Poesie. Texte und Bibliographie, Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1974. (German)
• Harald Hartung, Experimentelle Literatur und konkrete Poesie, Göttingen, 1975. (German)
• Dieter Kessler, Untersuchungen zur Konkreten Dichtung: Vorformen, Theorien, Texte, Meisenheim am Glan: Hain, 1976, 418 pp. (German)
• Armando Zárate, Antes de la vanguardia: historia y morfología de la experimentación visual: de Teócrito a la poesía concreta, Buenos Aires: Rodolfo Alonso, 1976, 122 pp. (Spanish)
• Wolfgang Max Faust, Bilder werden Worte: zum Verhältnis von bildender Kunst und Literatur im 20. Jahrhundert oder Vom Anfang der Kunst im Ende der Künste, Munich: Hanser, 1977, 268 pp. Based on PhD dissertation from TU, Berlin, 1976. (German)
• Bob Cobbing, Peter Mayer, Concerning Concrete Poetry, London: Writers Forum, 1978, 85 pp; repr., London: Slimvolume, 2014. (English)
• Thomas Kopfermann, Konkrete Poesie: Fundamentalpoetik und Textpraxis einer Neo-Avantgarde, Peter Lang, 1981, 335 pp. (German)
• Poetics Today 3(3): "Poetics of the Avant-Garde: Concrete Poetry", Summer 1982. Section in special issue of journal. [64] (English)
• Visible Language 20(1): "Pattern Poetry: A Symposium", ed. Dick Higgins, Jan 1986, 147 pp, PDFs. (English)
• Willard Bohn, The Aesthetics of Visual Poetry, 1914-1928, Cambridge University Press, 1986; University of Chicago Press, 1993, x+228 pp.
• Dick Higgins, Pattern Poetry: Guide to an Unknown Literature, SUNY Press, 1987, x+275 pp. (English)
• Bob Cobbing, Changing Forms in English Visual Poetry: The Influence of Tools and Machines, London: Writers Forum, 1988, [16] pp. Lecture given at the international conference Visuelle Poesie im Historischen Wandel / Changing Forms of Visual Poetry held in the Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbuttel, 30 Aug-4 Sep 1987. (English)
• Visible Language 23(1): "The Printed Poem and the Reader", ed. Richard Bradford, Jan 1989, 132 pp, PDFs. (English)
• Víťazoslav Hronec, Jaroslav Supek (eds.), Nový život. Nové umenie, Novi Sad: Obzor, 1990. (Slovak)
• Harvard Library Bulletin 3(2): "Material Poetry of the Renaissance/The Renaissance of Material Poetry", ed. Roland Greene, Summer 1992. Bibliography. [65] [66] (English)
• John Byrum, Crag Hill (eds.), Core: A Symposium on Contemporary Visual Poetry, Mentor, OH: Generator Press, and Mill Valley, CA: Score, 1993, 156 pp. (English)
• Dick Higgins, "Concrete Poetry", in The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, eds. Alex Preminger and T. V. F. Brogan, Princeton University Press, 1993, 233-234. (English)
• Victoria Pineda, "Speaking about Genre: The Case of Concrete Poetry", New Literary History 26:2, 1995, pp 379-393. (English)
• K. David Jackson, Eric Vos, Johanna Drucker (eds.), Experimental-Visual-Concrete. Avant-Garde Poetry Since the 1960s, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996, 448 pp. Includes "Experimental, Visual, and Concrete Poetry: A Note on Historical Context and Basic Concepts", pp 39-61. TOC. [67] (English)
• Eugen Gomringer, Theorie der Konkreten Poesie. Texte und Manifeste 1954-1997. Gesamtwerk Band II, Vienna: Splitter, 1997. (German)
• Text + Kritik: "Visuelle Poesie", ed. Heinz Ludwig Arnold, 1997, 225 pp. [68] (German)
• Willard Bohn, Modern Visual Poetry, Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2001. [69] (English)
• Willard Bohn, Reading Visual Poetry, Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2010, 176 pp. (English)
• Klaus Peter Dencker, Optische Poesie: Von den prähistorischen Schriftzeichen bis zu den digitalen Experimenten der Gegenwart, De Gruyter, 2011. [70] (German)
• Richard Bradford, Graphic Poetics: Poetry as Visual Art, Bloomsbury, 2011. (English)
• Johanna Drucker, "Concrete Poetry", in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 4th ed., ed. Roland Greene, Princeton University Press, 2012, pp 294-295. (English)
• E. Berry, "Visual Poetry", in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 4th ed., ed. Roland Greene, Princeton University Press, 2012, pp 1522-1525. (English)
• Aleksandra Kremer, "Poezja konkretna w trzech obszarach językowych" [Concrete Poetry in Three Languages], Przestrzenie Teorii 19, Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University Press, 2013, pp 95-114. (Polish)
• Jamie Hilder, Designed Words for a Designed World: The International Concrete Poetry Movement, 1955-1971, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2016, 277 pp. Based on PhD dissertation, 2010. (English)

• Luca Francesco Romani, Sound in Brazilian and German Concrete Poetry, Tübingen: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 2017, 269 pp. PhD dissertation. Focusses on sound in the concrete poetry of Grupo Noigandres and Stuttgarter Gruppe. (English)

• die horen 271 & 272: "Das Wort beim Wort nehmen. Konkrete und andere Spielformen der Poesie 1 & 2", eds. Safiye Can and Jürgen Krätzer, Wallstein Verlag, 2018, 189 & 181 pp. [71] [72]

• Ora et lege. The Palace of Concrete Poetry, ed. Monika Čejková, Broumov: Vzdělávací a kulturní centrum Broumov, 2022, [18] pp; exp. as Ora et lege II, Broumov: Vzdělávací a kulturní centrum Broumov, 2023, [26] pp. Exhibition (2023). (Czech)
  • Ora et lege. The Palace of Concrete Poetry, ed. Monika Čejková, Educational and Cultural Centre Broumov, 2022, [18] pp; exp. as Ora et lege II, Broumov: Educational and Cultural Centre Broumov, 2023, [26] pp. (English)

the West

• Liselotte Gimpel, "Concrete" Poetry from East and West Germany: The Language of Exemplarism and Experimentalism, Yale University Press, 1977, xvi+268 pp. Reviews: Butler (J Eur Stud), O'Swald (GDR Bulletin), Weimar (GDR Bulletin). (English)
• Ana Hatherly, E. M. de Melo e Castro (eds.), PO.EX: textos teóricos e documentos da poesia experimental portuguesa, Lisbon: Moraes, 1981, 288 pp. [73] (Portuguese)
• David H.T. Scott, Pictorialist Poetics: Poetry and the Visual Arts in Nineteenth-Century France, Cambridge University Press, 1988. (English)
• Reinhard Döhl, "Wie konkret sind Ernst Jandls Texte oder Ernst Jandl und Stuttgart", Semiosis 19:2-4, 1994, pp 113-129. (German)
• Michael Backes, Experimentelle Semiotik in Literaturavantgarden: über die Wiener Gruppe mit Bezug auf die Konkrete Poesie, Munich: Fink, 2001, 345 pp. (German)
• Humphrey Ottenhof, De letter te lijf: beeldvorming van concrete en visuele poëzie in Nederland en Vlaanderen, Groningen: DMZ/MAW, 2005, 329 pp. PhD dissertation. [74] (Dutch)
• Jesper Olsson, Alfabetets användning: konkret poesi och poetisk artefaktion i svenskt 1960-tal, Stockholm: OEI, 2005, 523 pp. Review: Ørum (Samlaren). (Swedish)
• Rui Torres, "Concrete Poetry in Portugal: Experimentalism and Intermediality", Poetica 74, Autumn 2010, pp 31-45. (English)
• Jesper Olsson, "Kneaded Language: Concrete Poetry and New Media in the Swedish 1960s", Modernism/modernity 18:2, Apr 2011, pp 273-288. (English)
• Evening Will Come 32: "Women Looking at Vispo", ed. Nico Vassilakis, Aug 2013. (English)
• Greg Thomas, Concrete Poetry in England and Scotland 1962-75: Ian Hamilton Finlay, Edwin Morgan, Dom Sylvester Houédard and Bob Cobbing, University of Edinburgh, 2013, 378 pp. PhD dissertation. (English)
• Craig Saper, "Concrete Poetry in America: A Story of Intermedia Performance, Publishing, and Pop Appeal", Coldfront, 26 Oct 2015. (English)
• Gustavo Grandal Montero, "From Cambridge to Brighton: Concrete Poetry in Britain: An Interview with Stephen Bann", in Artist's Book Yearbook 2016-2017, Bristol: Impact Press at the Centre for Fine Print Research, UWE, 2015, pp 70-93. (English)
  • "De Cambridge a Brighton: Poesia Concreta na Grã-Bretanha, uma entrevista com Stephen Bann", VIS: Revista do Programa de Pós-graduação em Arte da UnB 15:2, Jul-Dec 2016, pp 129-156. (Brazilian Portuguese)
• La parola intermediale: un itinerario pugliese, eds. Francesco Aprile and Cristiano Caggiula, Comune di Cavallino, 2017, 180 pp. A history of Apulian visual poetry. (Italian)
• Bronaċ Ferran, The Smell of Ink and Soil: The Story of (Edition) Hansjörg Mayer, Cologne: Walther Konig, 2017, 272 pp. With a DVD of interviews with Mayer. Excerpt. [75] [76] (English)/(German)
• Bronaċ Ferran, "The Movement of the Poem in the 1960s: From Circle and Line to Zero and One, from Concretion to Computation", Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 42(1-2): "The Experimental Generation", 2017, pp 127-143. (English)
• Maria João Lopes Aleixo Fernandes, O encontro entre a poesia e as artes visuais: poesia experimental portuguesa, 1964-1974], Lisbon: Universidade de Lisboa, 2018, 541+273 pp. PhD dissertation. [77] (Portuguese)
• Tania Ørum, det ord/ der som et lokomotiv/ trækker en lang vognstamme med sig. Konkret poesi fra Vagn Steen til i dag, Aarhus: Antipyrine, 2019. [78] (Danish)
• Greg Thomas, Border Blurs: Concrete Poetry in England and Scotland, Liverpool University Press, 2019. (English)
• Ignacio Gómez de Liaño, Abandonar la escritura, Madrid: Museo Reina Sofía, 2020, 176 pp. Catalogue. [79] (Spanish)
  • Forsaking Writing, Madrid: Museo Reina Sofía, 2020, 176 pp. [80] (English)

East-Central Europe

Czech Republic

See also magazine Psí víno.

• Jiří Valoch, "Česká vizuální poezie sedmdesátých let", in Radomír Pospíšil, et al., Literárněvědný sborník Památníku národního písemnictví, Prague: PNP, 1982, pp 42-51. (Czech)
  • "Češka vizualna poezija sedemdesetih let", trans. Nives Vidrih, Problemi. Literatura 22:242, Ljubljana: RK ZSMS, 1984, pp 50-58. (Slovenian)
• Jiří Valoch, "České vizuální texty. Náčrt přehledu šedesátých až osmdesátých let", Rok 1, Brno, 1991. (Czech)
• Josef Hiršal, Bohumila Grögerová, Let let: Pokus o rekapitulaci, 3 vols., Prague: Rozmluvy, 1993-94; repr., Prague: Torst, 2007, 1046 pp. Memoir covering the years 1952-68. Review: Karfík (Respekt).
• Josef Hlaváček, "Vizuální a konkrétní poezie, lettrismus", in Dějiny českého výtvarného umění VI/1, eds. Rostislav Švácha and Marie Platovská, Prague: Academia, 2007, pp 232-239. (Czech)
• Wagon 3-4: "Experimentální poesie", ed. Olga Stehlíková, 2007, 557 pp, HTML. (Czech)
• "Laboratoře básnického experimentu", in Dějiny české literatury 1945-1989, vol. 3: 1958-1969, ed. Pavel Janoušek, Prague: Academia, 2008, pp 232-242.
• Astrid Winter, "Jiná estetika. Konceptualismus a transmedialita v české literatuře po druhé světové válce", in Česká literatura v intermediální perspektivě, ed. Stanislava Fedrová, Prague: Ústav pro českou literaturu AV ČR, and Akropolis, 2010, pp 26-38. [81] (Czech)
• Josef Štochl, "Antologie Vrh kostek, Die Wiener Gruppe a Havlovy Antikódy", in Česká literatura v intermediální perspektivě, ed. Stanislava Fedrová, Prague: Ústav pro českou literaturu AV ČR, and Akropolis, 2010, pp 39-50. [82] (Czech)
• Eva Krátká (ed.), Česká vizuální poezie. Teoretické texty, Brno: Host, 2013, 308 pp. [83]. Reviews: Košnarová (Tvar), Peková (Psí víno), Rehúš (Romboid), Langerová (A2), Ledvina (Art+Antiques), Šanda (Právo), Kuběnský (Vaseliteratura.cz). (Czech)
• Ha!art 42(2): "Czeska i słowacka literatura nowomedialna", Kraków: Korporacja Ha!art, 2013. (Polish)
• Enter+: Creative Manual for Repurposing in Electronic Literature, eds. María Mencía and Zuzana Husárová, Košice: Dive Buki, 2015, 104 pp. [84] (English)
• Eva Krátká, Vizuální poezie. Pojmy, kategorie a typologie ve světovém kontextu, Brno: Host, 2016, 320 pp. [85] (Czech)

Slovakia

See also magazines Kloaka and Enter.

• Zora Rusinová, "Experimentálna poézia", in Slovník svetového a slovenského výtvarného umenia druhej polovice 20. storočia, Bratislava: Kruh súčasného výtvarného umenia, 1999, pp 75-79. Encyclopedic entry. (Slovak)
• Zora Rusinová, "Lettrizmus", in Slovník svetového a slovenského výtvarného umenia druhej polovice 20. storočia, Bratislava: Kruh súčasného výtvarného umenia, 1999. Encyclopedic entry. (Slovak)
• František Štraus, Štefan Moravčík, Princípy hry v slovenskej poézii, Martin: Matica slovenská, 2001. (Slovak)
• Miloš Štofko, "Experimentálna poézia", in Štofko, Od abstrakcie po živé umenie. Slovník pojmov moderného a postmoderného umenia, Bratislava: Slovart, 2007, pp 59-62. Encyclopedic entry. (Slovak)
• Katarína Ihringová, "Experimentálna poézia a jej podoby v slovenskom vizuálnom umení", Slovenská literatúra 58:4, Bratislava: Slovenská akadémia vied, 2011, pp 317-330. [86] (Slovak)
• Katarína Ihringová, Vzťah slova a obrazu v slovenskom vizuálnom umení, Trnava: Pergamen, 2012. (Slovak)
• Bogumiła Suwara, Zuzana Husárová (eds.), V sieti strednej Európy: nielen o elektronickej literatúre, Bratislava: SAP & Ústav svetovej literatúry, 2012, 312 pp. (Slovak),(Czech)
• Michal Rehúš, Jaroslav Šrank, "Nesystematický návod na použitie slovenskej experimentálnej poézie", in V sieti strednej Európy: nielen o elektronickej literatúre, eds. Bogumila Suwara and Zuzana Husárová, Bratislava: SAP a Ústav svetovej literatúry, 2012, pp 241-264. (Slovak)
• Ha!art 42(2): "Czeska i słowacka literatura nowomedialna", Kraków: Korporacja Ha!art, 2013. (Polish)
• Michal Jareš, Veronika Ráczová, Ľubica Schmarcová, "Experimentálna línia", in Hľadanie súčasnosti. Slovenská literatúra začiatku 21. storočia, Bratislava: Literárne informačné centrum, 2014. [87] (Slovak)
• Enter 24: "Kreatívny manuál pre slovenskú nekonvenčnú poéziu", ed. Michal Murin, Košice: Dive Buki, Dec 2015, 90 pp. [88] (Slovak)
• Michal Murin, "Triangulačné body nekonvenčnej poézie na Slovensku", in Milan Adamčiak, Archív II (KOPO): konkrétna poézia 1964-1972, Košice: Dive Buki, 2016, pp 12-85. (Slovak)
• Peter Zajac, "Optická poézia Milana Adamčiaka v kontexte slovenskej literatúry", in Milan Adamčiak, Archív II (KOPO): konkrétna poézia 1964-1972, Košice: Dive Buki, 2016, pp 294-326. (Slovak)
• Zuzana Husárová, "Slovenská elektronická literatúra", World Literature Studies 3:8, 2016, pp 57-77. (Slovak)

Poland

• Tadeusz Sławek, Między literami. Szkice o poezji konkretnej [Between Letters: Sketches on Concrete Poetry], Katowice: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, 1989. (Polish)

• Piotr Rypson, Obraz slowa historia poezji wisualnej, Warsaw, 1989, 373 pp. (Polish)

• Piotr Rypson, Piramidy, słońca, labirynty. Poezja wizualna w Polsce od XVI do XVIII wieku, Warsaw: Neriton, 2002, 350 pp. (Polish)

• Małgorzata Dawidek Gryglicka, Historia tekstu wizualnego. Polska po 1967 roku, Kraków: Korporacja Ha!art, 2012, 752 pp. Review: Kearns (Enclave). (Polish)

• Piotr Bogalecki, "Lewą ręką: polscy teoretycy poezji konkretnej jako konkretyści (Józef Bujnowski, Tadeusz Sławek, Piotr Rypson)" [With the Left Hand. Polish Theoreticians of Concrete Poetry as Concrete Poets], Teoria - Literatura - Kultura 36, 2018, pp 179-210. (Polish)

Yugoslavia

• Dubravka Đurić, "Radical Poetic Practices: Concrete and Visual Poetry in the Avant-garde and Neo-avant-garde", in Impossible Histories: Historical Avant-gardes, Neo-avant-gardes, and Post-avant-gardes in Yugoslavia, 1918-1991, eds. Dubravka Djurić and Miško Šuvaković, MIT Press, 2003, pp 64-95. (English)
• OEI 90-91: "Sickle of Syntax & Hammer of Tautology: Concrete and Visual Poetry in Yugoslavia, 1968-1983", ed. Sezgin Boynik, Stockholm, 2021, 304 pp. [89] [90]

Romania

• Andrei Oisteanu, "The Romanian Avant-Garde And Visual Poetry", in Dada East? The Romanians of Cabaret Voltaire, eds. Adrian Notz and E-cart.ro, Zurich: Cabaret Voltaire, and Bucharest: E-cart.ro, 2007; repr. in Exquisite Corpse. A Journal of Letters and Life, n.d. (English)

East Germany

• Liselotte Gimpel, "Concrete" Poetry from East and West Germany: The Language of Exemplarism and Experimentalism, Yale University Press, 1977, xvi+268 pp. Reviews: Butler (J Eur Stud), O'Swald (GDR Bulletin), Weimar (GDR Bulletin). (English)

Latin America

• N.N. Argañaraz, Poesía visual uruguaya, Montevideo: Mario Zanocchi, 1986, 84 pp. (Spanish)
• N.N. Argañaraz, Poesía latinoamericana de vanguardia: de la poesía concreta a la poesía inobjetal, Montevideo: O Dos, 1992, 107 pp. (Spanish)
• Pavla Korpaczewski, Experimentální poezie: brazilská konkrétní poezie v letech 1950-1960, Prague: Karlova univerzita/Filozofická fakulta, 2010, 139 pp. Master's thesis. (Czech)
• Nathaniel Wolfson, Versions of the Concrete: Brazilian Mid-Century Aesthetics (1945-1970), Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 2017, 198 pp. PhD dissertation. (English)
• Marina Ribeiro Mattar, Poemóbiles: aspectos estruturais e históricos no livro de artista, Belo Horizonte: Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, 2019, 99 pp. Master's thesis. Focusses on artist's books of Noigandres Group. (Brazilian Portuguese)

See also

Women in concrete poetry, Sound poetry, Conceptual writing, Artists' publishing, Typewriter art, Code poetry