Difference between revisions of "Nam June Paik"

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{{Infobox artist
 
{{Infobox artist
 
|image = Lennon_Ono_Paik_Abe_at_Galeria_Bonino_NY_1971.jpg
 
|image = Lennon_Ono_Paik_Abe_at_Galeria_Bonino_NY_1971.jpg
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|imagesize = 250px
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|imagesize = 338px
 
|caption = John Lennon, [[Yoko Ono]], Nam June Paik and Shuya Abe at the Galeria Bonino, New York, 23 November 1971. Photo: Tom Haar. [http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/f/fluxus]
 
|caption = John Lennon, [[Yoko Ono]], Nam June Paik and Shuya Abe at the Galeria Bonino, New York, 23 November 1971. Photo: Tom Haar. [http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/f/fluxus]
 
|birth_date = {{birth date|1932|7|20|mf=y}}
 
|birth_date = {{birth date|1932|7|20|mf=y}}
Line 7: Line 7:
 
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2006|1|29|1932|7|20|mf=y}}
 
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2006|1|29|1932|7|20|mf=y}}
 
|death_place = Miami, Florida, United States
 
|death_place = Miami, Florida, United States
−
|collections = [http://njpac-en.ggcf.kr/archives/exhibit/nam-june-paik-permanent-exhibition-2011 NJPAC Seoul], [[Mumok::{{Mumok|nam-june-paik}}|Mumok]] 85, [[SFMOMA::{{SFMOMA|Nam_June_Paik}}|SFMOMA]] 62, [[ZKM::{{ZKM|nam-june-paik}}|ZKM]] 60, [[EAI::{{EAI|481}}|EAI]] 42, [[MoMA::{{MoMA|4469}}|MoMA]] 36, [[Pompidou::{{Pompidou|czAL6L4/rXqpG5}}|Pompidou]] 31, [[Whitney::{{Whitney|986}}|Whitney]] 29, [[NGA::{{NGA|5145}}|NGA]] 24, [[Tate::{{Tate|6380}}|Tate]] 17, [[Walker::{{Walker|nam-june-paik}}|Walker]] 10, [[SAAM::{{SAAM|3670}}|SAAM]] 10, [[Stedelijk::{{Stedelijk|3438-paik-nam-june}}|Stedelijk]] 10, [[ReinaSofia::{{ReinaSofia|paik-nam-june}}|Reina Sofia]] 9, [http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/?artist_id=paik-nam-june NSW Sydney] 9, [http://sis.modernamuseet.se/en/view/objects/asimages/artist$00401156 Moderna Museet] 7, [[NRW::{{NRW|nam-june-paik}}|NRW]] 5, [[NGAAU::{{NGAAU|21172}}|NGA Canberra]] 4, [[Guggenheim::{{Guggenheim|nam-june-paik}}|Guggenheim]] 3, [[Artic::{{Artic|Paik,+Nam+June}}|Artic]] 3, [[Generali::{{Generali|paik-nam-june}}|Generali]] 3, [http://www.fcflick-collection.com/artists-works?artistid=167 Flick] 2, [[VDB::{{VDB|nam-june-paik}}|VDB]] 1, [[Boijmans::{{Boijmans|25959}}|Boijmans]] 1, [[LACMA::{{LACMA|165063}}|LACMA]] 1, [http://collection.imamuseum.org/results.html?name=Paik,%20Nam%20June IMA] 1, [http://vmfa.museum/collections/results/?fwp_artist=27de41f1f6aa3c3c4a75e8cf58b36f1e VMFA] 1, [http://stuartcollection.ucsd.edu/artist/paik.html Stuart] 1, [http://art.daimler.com/en/artist/nam-june-paik-2/ Daimler] 1, [http://www.zabludowiczcollection.com/collection/artists/view/nam-june-paik Zabludowicz] 1
+
|collections = [http://njpac-en.ggcf.kr/archives/exhibit/nam-june-paik-permanent-exhibition-2011 NJPAC Seoul], [[Mumok::{{Mumok|nam-june-paik}}|Mumok]] 85, [[SFMOMA::{{SFMOMA|Nam_June_Paik}}|SFMOMA]] 62, [[ZKM::{{ZKM|nam-june-paik}}|ZKM]] 60, [[EAI::{{EAI|481}}|EAI]] 42, [[MoMA::{{MoMA|4469}}|MoMA]] 36, [[Pompidou::{{Pompidou|czAL6L4/rXqpG5}}|Pompidou]] 31, [[Whitney::{{Whitney|986}}|Whitney]] 29, [[NGA::{{NGA|5145}}|NGA]] 24, [[Tate::{{Tate|6380}}|Tate]] 17, [https://museum-ludwig.kulturelles-erbe-koeln.de/ete?action=displayFilter&filter=filter_kunstler Ludwig] 13, [[Walker::{{Walker|nam-june-paik}}|Walker]] 10, [[SAAM::{{SAAM|nam-june-paik-3670}}|SAAM]] 10, [[Stedelijk::{{Stedelijk|3438-nam-june-paik}}|Stedelijk]] 10, [[ReinaSofia::{{ReinaSofia|paik-nam-june}}|Reina Sofia]] 9, [http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/?artist_id=paik-nam-june NSW Sydney] 9, [http://sis.modernamuseet.se/en/view/objects/asimages/artist$00401156 Moderna Museet] 7, [[NRW::{{NRW|nam-june-paik}}|NRW]] 5, [https://collection.mmk.art/en/nc/werkuebersicht/?kuenstler=2652&all=1 MMK Frankfurt] 5, [[NGAAU::{{NGAAU|21172}}|NGA Canberra]] 4, [[Guggenheim::{{Guggenheim|nam-june-paik}}|Guggenheim]] 3, [[Artic::{{Artic|42567}}|Artic]] 3, [[Generali::{{Generali|paik-nam-june}}|Generali]] 3, [http://www.fcflick-collection.com/artists-works?artistid=167 Flick] 2, [https://emuseum.duesseldorf.de/people/22012/nam-june-paik Kunstpalast Düsseldorf] 1, [[VDB::{{VDB|nam-june-paik}}|VDB]] 1, [[Boijmans::{{Boijmans|nam-june-paik}}|Boijmans]] 1, [[LACMA::{{LACMA|165063}}|LACMA]] 1, [http://collection.imamuseum.org/results.html?name=Paik,%20Nam%20June IMA] 1, [http://vmfa.museum/collections/results/?fwp_artist=27de41f1f6aa3c3c4a75e8cf58b36f1e VMFA] 1, [http://stuartcollection.ucsd.edu/artist/paik.html Stuart] 1, [http://art.daimler.com/en/artist/nam-june-paik-2/ Daimler] 1, [http://www.zabludowiczcollection.com/collection/artists/view/nam-june-paik Zabludowicz]  
−
|web = [http://www.ubu.com/film/paik.html UbuWeb]
+
|web = [[UbuWeb::http://www.ubu.com/film/paik.html|UbuWeb Film]], [[Wikipedia::https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_June_Paik|Wikipedia]]
 
}}
 
}}
−
[[Image:Nam_June_Paik_Robot_Accident_from_Living_with_the_Living_Theater_1989.png|thumb|258px|Robot accident, from ''Living with the Living Theater'', 1989. [http://www.eai.org/title.htm?id=2483] ]]
+
[[Image:Paik_Nam_June_1982_Robot_K-456_struck_by_car_near_Whitney_Museum_NYC.png|thumb|350px|''Robot K-456'' (1964) struck by car near Whitney Museum, New York, 1982. ]]
−
[[Image:Nam_June_Paik_Poster_for_A_Tribute_to_John_Cage_1976.jpg|thumb|258px|Poster for ''A Tribute to John Cage'', 1976.]]
+
[[Image:Nam_June_Paik_Poster_for_A_Tribute_to_John_Cage_1976.jpg|thumb|350px|Poster for ''A Tribute to John Cage'', 1976.]]
−
; Catalogues
+
'''Nam June Paik''' (1932-2006), internationally recognized as founder of [[video art]], created a large body of work, including video sculptures, installations, performances, videotapes and television productions. His art and ideas embodied a radical new vision for an art form that changed global visual culture.
−
* [http://archive.org/details/namjunepaikjohng1432unse ''Nam June Paik''], New York: Whitney Museum, 1982, 143 pp.
+
 
−
* ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=6559 Family of Robot]'', Cincinnati, OH: Carl Solway Gallery, 1986.  
+
{{TOC limit|3}}
 +
 
 +
Born in 1932 in Seoul, Korea, to a wealthy industrial family, Paik and his family fled Korea in 1950 at
 +
the outset of the Korean War, first to Hong Kong, then to Japan. Paik graduated from the University of
 +
Tokyo in 1956, and then traveled to Germany to pursue his interest in avant-garde music, composition
 +
and performance. There he met [[John Cage]] and [[George Maciunas]] and became a member of the
 +
[[Fluxus]] movement. In 1963, Paik had his legendary one-artist exhibition at the Galerie Parnass
 +
in Wuppertal, Germany, that featured his prepared television sets, which radically altered the look and
 +
content of television.
 +
 
 +
After emigrating to the United States in 1964, he settled in New York City, where he expanded his
 +
engagement with video and television, and had exhibitions of his work at the New School, Galerie Bonino,
 +
and the Howard Wise Gallery. In 1965, Paik was one of the first artists to use a portable video camcorder.
 +
 
 +
In 1969, he worked with Japanese engineer Shuya Abe to construct an early video-synthesizer that
 +
allowed Paik to combine and manipulate images from different sources. The Paik-Abe video synthesizer
 +
transformed electronic moving-image making. Paik invented a new artistic medium with television and
 +
video, creating an astonishing array of artworks, from his seminal video ''Global Groove'' (1973), to his sculptures ''TV Buddha'' (1974) and ''TV Cello'' (1971); to installations such as ''TV Garden'' (1974), ''Video Fish'' (1975) and Fin de Siecle II (1989); videotapes Living with Living Theatre (1989) and ''Guadalcanal Requiem'' (1977/1979); and global satellite television productions such as ''Good Morning Mr. Orwell'', which broadcast from the Centre Pompidou in Paris and a WNET-TV studio in New York City January 1, 1984.
 +
 
 +
Paik has been the subject of numerous exhibitions, including the major retrospectives: ''Nam June Paik'', organized by Tate Liverpool and museum kunst palast, Düsseldorf (2011); ''The Worlds of Nam June Paik'' organized by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City (2000); and ''Nam June Paik'',
 +
organized by the Whitney Museum of American Art (1982). He has been featured in major international art
 +
exhibitions including Documenta, the Venice Biennale, and the Whitney Biennial. [http://sirismm.si.edu/EADpdfs/SAAM.NJP.1.pdf#page=4 (Source)]
 +
 
 +
==Film recordings==
 +
* ''[http://ubu.com/film/fluxfilm01_paik.html Zen For Film]'', 1962-64.
 +
* ''[http://ubu.com/film/paik_video3.html Video Tape Study No. 3]'', 1967-69.
 +
* ''[http://ubu.com/film/paik_moon2.html Electronic Moon No. 2]'', 1966-72.
 +
* ''[http://ubu.com/film/paik_cage.html A Tribute to John Cage]'', 1973.
 +
* ''[http://ubu.com/film/paik_edited.html Edited for Television]'', WNET, 1975.
 +
* ''[http://ubu.com/film/paik_242.html Suite 242]'', 1975.
 +
* ''[http://ubu.com/film/paik_guadalcanal.html Guadalcanal Requiem]'', 1977; re-edited 1979.
 +
* ''[http://ubu.com/dance/cunningham_time.html Time and Space Concepts in Music and Visual Art (Part I), Cunningham, Paik, Cage]'', 1978.
 +
* with Joseph Beuys and Douglas Davis, ''[http://ubu.com/film/documenta6.html Documenta 6 Satellite Telecast]'', 1977.
 +
* ''[http://ubu.com/film/paik_cellist.html Topless Cellist - Charlotte Moorman]'', 1978.
 +
* ''[http://ubu.com/film/paik_placid.html Lake Placid '80]'', 1980.
 +
* ''[http://ubu.com/film/logue_paik.html Thirty Second Spots: TV Commercials for Arists]'', 1982-83.
 +
* with Ryuichi Sakamoto, ''[http://ubu.com/film/paik_allstar.html All Star Video]'', 1984.
 +
 
 +
==Catalogues==
 +
 
 +
* ''Nam June Paik. Werke 1946-1976. Musik, Fluxus, Video'', ed. Wulf Herzogenrath, Cologne: Kölnischer Kunstverein, 1976, 168 pp; repr., 1980. Exh. held at Kölnischer Kunstverein, 19 Nov 1976-9 Jan 1977. {{de}}
 +
** ''Nam June Paik: muziek - Fluxus - video, werken 1946-1976'', ed. Dorine Mignot, Amsterdam: Stedelijk Museum, 1977. Exh. held 11 Feb-27 Mar 1977. {{nl}}
 +
 
 +
* ''[[Media:Nam_June_Paik_Whitney_1982.pdf|Nam June Paik]]'', New York: Whitney Museum, with New York: W.W. Norton, 1982, 143 pp, [http://archive.org/details/namjunepaikjohng1432unse IA]. Retrospective. With essays by Dieter Ronte, Michael Nyman, John G. Hanhardt, and David A. Ross. {{en}}
 +
 
 +
* ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=6559 Family of Robot]'', Cincinnati, OH: Carl Solway Gallery, 1986. {{en}}
 +
 
 +
* ''[[Media:Nam June Paik Eine Data Base.pdf|Nam June Paik. Eine Data Base]]'', eds. Klaus Bussmann and Florian Matzner, Cantz, 1993, 272 pp. Exh. held at Venice Biennale 1993. {{en}}//{{de}}
 +
 
 +
* ''[[Media:The Worlds of Nam June Paik 2000.pdf|The Worlds of Nam June Paik]]'', ed. John G. Hanhardt, Guggenheim Museum, 2000, 275 pp. {{en}}
 +
 
 
* ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=6563 Paik on Paper]'', Cologne: Salon, 2006, 170 pp. {{en}}/{{de}}
 
* ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=6563 Paik on Paper]'', Cologne: Salon, 2006, 170 pp. {{en}}/{{de}}
  
−
; Publications
+
* ''[[Media:Nam_June_Paik_Becoming_Robot_2014.pdf|Nam June Paik: Becoming Robot]]'', eds. Melissa Chiu and Michelle Yun, New York: Asia Society Museum, 2014, 189 pp. {{en}}
 +
 
 +
* ''Nam June Paik'', eds. Sook-Kyung Lee and Rudolf Frieling, London: Tate, 2019, 176 pp. [https://shop.tate.org.uk/nam-june-paik-exhibition-book/21425.html] {{en}}
 +
 
 +
==Writings==
 +
 
 +
* [http://www.ubu.com/historical/gb/manifestos.pdf#page=25 "Cybernated Art"], in ''Manifestos'', New York: Something Else Press, 1966, p 24; [[Media:Paik Nam June 1966 2003 Cybernated Art.pdf|repr. in]] ''The New Media Reader'', eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort, MIT Press, 2003, pp 227-229.
 +
 
 +
* ''[[Media:We Are in Open Circuits Writings by Nam June Paik 2019.pdf|We Are in Open Circuits. Writings by Nam June Paik]]'', eds. John G. Hanhardt, Gregory Zinman, and Edith Decker-Phillips, MIT Press, 2019, 445 pp. [https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/we-are-open-circuits Publisher].
 +
 
 +
* [https://njpac-en.ggcf.kr/archives/category/publications more]
 +
 
 +
==Ephemera==
 +
 
 +
* [[Media:Paik_Nam_June_Studienbuch_ausgestellt_von_der_Universitaet_Koeln.pdf|Studienbuch ausgestellt von der Universität Köln]].
 +
 
 +
==Literature==
 +
 
 +
* ''[https://issuu.com/wroartcenter/docs/widok2 WIDOK: WRO Media Art Reader, 2: Nam June Paik: Driving Media]'', eds. Agnieszka Kubicka-Dzieduszycka and Krzysztof Dobrowolski, Wroclaw: WRO Art Center, 2009, 250 pp. [http://wrocenter.pl/en/widok-2/]
 +
 
 
* ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=2000 The Gift of Nam June Paik]'', 2 vols., Seoul: Nam June Paik Art Center, 2009. Conference proceedings. {{en}}/{{ko}}
 
* ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=2000 The Gift of Nam June Paik]'', 2 vols., Seoul: Nam June Paik Art Center, 2009. Conference proceedings. {{en}}/{{ko}}
 +
 
* ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=1998 NJP Reader #1: Contributions to an Artistic Anthropology]'', eds. Youngchul Lee and Henk Slager, Seoul: Nam June Paik Art Center, 2010, 68 pp. {{en}}/{{ko}}
 
* ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=1998 NJP Reader #1: Contributions to an Artistic Anthropology]'', eds. Youngchul Lee and Henk Slager, Seoul: Nam June Paik Art Center, 2010, 68 pp. {{en}}/{{ko}}
  
−
; Ephemera
+
* Lisa Conte, Christine Frohnert, Lisa Nelson, Julia Sybalsky, [http://resources.culturalheritage.org/emg-review/volume-two-2011-2012/conte/ "Overcoming Obsolescence: The Examination, Documentation, and Preservation of Nam June Paik’s TV Cello"], ''The Electronic Media Review'' 2, 2011-2012.
−
* [[Media:Paik_Nam_June_Studienbuch_ausgestellt_von_der_Universitaet_Koeln.pdf|Studienbuch ausgestellt von der Universität Köln]].
+
 
 +
* Hanna B. Hölling, ''[https://aaaaarg.fail/thing/62893a209ff37c6fa32e81c7 Paik's Virtual Archive: Time, Change, and Materiality in Media Art]'', University of California Press, 2017, xiv+248 pp. Reviews: [https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/00043079.2018.1447719 Zinman] (Art Bulletin), [http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/3282 Gyorody] (CAA Reviews), [https://sci-hub.se/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1472586X.2019.1672976 Keyes] (Visual Studies), [https://sci-hub.se/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01971360.2019.1676902 Kemp] (J Am Inst Conservation). [https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520288904/] [https://books.google.com/books?id=Aaq2DQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover].
 +
 
 +
* Gregory Zinman, [https://sci-hub.se/10.1162/octo_a_00321 "Nam June Paik's ''Etude 1'' and the Indeterminate origins of Digital Media Art"], ''October'' 164, Spring 2018, pp 3-28.
 +
 
 +
==Links==
  
−
; Links
 
 
* [http://njpac-en.ggcf.kr Nam June Paik Art Center], Seoul
 
* [http://njpac-en.ggcf.kr Nam June Paik Art Center], Seoul
 
* [http://www.paikstudios.com/ Estate of Nam June Paik]
 
* [http://www.paikstudios.com/ Estate of Nam June Paik]
 
* http://www.namjunepaik.eu
 
* http://www.namjunepaik.eu
 +
* http://pastexhibitions.guggenheim.org/paik/
 +
* [https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/nam-june-paik Retrospective at Tate Modern], 2019-2020.
 +
* [https://videodigitalcommons.com/ Nam June Paik Art Center Symposium: Video Digital Commons], 2021, with presentation videos.
  
 
[[Category:Fluxus]] [[Category:Video]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Paik, Nam June}}
 
[[Category:Fluxus]] [[Category:Video]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Paik, Nam June}}

Revision as of 23:59, 25 May 2022


John Lennon, Yoko Ono, Nam June Paik and Shuya Abe at the Galeria Bonino, New York, 23 November 1971. Photo: Tom Haar. [1]
Born July 20, 1932(1932-07-20)
Seoul, South Korea
Died January 29, 2006(2006-01-29) (aged 73)
Miami, Florida, United States
Web UbuWeb Film, Wikipedia
Collections NJPAC Seoul, Mumok 85, SFMOMA 62, ZKM 60, EAI 42, MoMA 36, Pompidou 31, Whitney 29, NGA 24, Tate 17, Ludwig 13, Walker 10, SAAM 10, Stedelijk 10, Reina Sofia 9, NSW Sydney 9, Moderna Museet 7, NRW 5, MMK Frankfurt 5, NGA Canberra 4, Guggenheim 3, Artic 3, Generali 3, Flick 2, Kunstpalast Düsseldorf 1, VDB 1, Boijmans 1, LACMA 1, IMA 1, VMFA 1, Stuart 1, Daimler 1, Zabludowicz
Robot K-456 (1964) struck by car near Whitney Museum, New York, 1982.
Poster for A Tribute to John Cage, 1976.

Nam June Paik (1932-2006), internationally recognized as founder of video art, created a large body of work, including video sculptures, installations, performances, videotapes and television productions. His art and ideas embodied a radical new vision for an art form that changed global visual culture.

Born in 1932 in Seoul, Korea, to a wealthy industrial family, Paik and his family fled Korea in 1950 at the outset of the Korean War, first to Hong Kong, then to Japan. Paik graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1956, and then traveled to Germany to pursue his interest in avant-garde music, composition and performance. There he met John Cage and George Maciunas and became a member of the Fluxus movement. In 1963, Paik had his legendary one-artist exhibition at the Galerie Parnass in Wuppertal, Germany, that featured his prepared television sets, which radically altered the look and content of television.

After emigrating to the United States in 1964, he settled in New York City, where he expanded his engagement with video and television, and had exhibitions of his work at the New School, Galerie Bonino, and the Howard Wise Gallery. In 1965, Paik was one of the first artists to use a portable video camcorder.

In 1969, he worked with Japanese engineer Shuya Abe to construct an early video-synthesizer that allowed Paik to combine and manipulate images from different sources. The Paik-Abe video synthesizer transformed electronic moving-image making. Paik invented a new artistic medium with television and video, creating an astonishing array of artworks, from his seminal video Global Groove (1973), to his sculptures TV Buddha (1974) and TV Cello (1971); to installations such as TV Garden (1974), Video Fish (1975) and Fin de Siecle II (1989); videotapes Living with Living Theatre (1989) and Guadalcanal Requiem (1977/1979); and global satellite television productions such as Good Morning Mr. Orwell, which broadcast from the Centre Pompidou in Paris and a WNET-TV studio in New York City January 1, 1984.

Paik has been the subject of numerous exhibitions, including the major retrospectives: Nam June Paik, organized by Tate Liverpool and museum kunst palast, Düsseldorf (2011); The Worlds of Nam June Paik organized by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City (2000); and Nam June Paik, organized by the Whitney Museum of American Art (1982). He has been featured in major international art exhibitions including Documenta, the Venice Biennale, and the Whitney Biennial. (Source)

Film recordings

Catalogues

  • Nam June Paik. Werke 1946-1976. Musik, Fluxus, Video, ed. Wulf Herzogenrath, Cologne: Kölnischer Kunstverein, 1976, 168 pp; repr., 1980. Exh. held at Kölnischer Kunstverein, 19 Nov 1976-9 Jan 1977. (German)
    • Nam June Paik: muziek - Fluxus - video, werken 1946-1976, ed. Dorine Mignot, Amsterdam: Stedelijk Museum, 1977. Exh. held 11 Feb-27 Mar 1977. (Dutch)
  • Nam June Paik, New York: Whitney Museum, with New York: W.W. Norton, 1982, 143 pp, IA. Retrospective. With essays by Dieter Ronte, Michael Nyman, John G. Hanhardt, and David A. Ross. (English)
  • Nam June Paik. Eine Data Base, eds. Klaus Bussmann and Florian Matzner, Cantz, 1993, 272 pp. Exh. held at Venice Biennale 1993. (English)//(German)
  • Nam June Paik, eds. Sook-Kyung Lee and Rudolf Frieling, London: Tate, 2019, 176 pp. [2] (English)

Writings

  • "Cybernated Art", in Manifestos, New York: Something Else Press, 1966, p 24; repr. in The New Media Reader, eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort, MIT Press, 2003, pp 227-229.

Ephemera

Literature

Links

Retrieved from "https://monoskop.org/index.php?title=Nam_June_Paik&oldid=109677"