Difference between revisions of "Video activism"

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In 1991, Rodney King, an Afro-American living in Los Angeles was stopped by the police on the road, on the grounds that he was riding his motorcycle over the speed regulations and he was beaten in the middle of the street. This event was filmed by a video camera placed in the balcony of a nearby mass housing dwelling. The power of the video camera was recognized for the first time, the rapid dissemination of those images all around the world led to street riots and to bringing the policemen to trial.  
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[[Image:Eleanor_Boyer_and_Karen_Peugh.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Eleanor Boyer]] (left) and Karen Peugh. [https://mediaburn.org/collections/eleanor-boyer/ (Source)] ]]
  
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In the beginning of the 1990's video cameras became smaller, cheaper and began to be integrated into mobile phones. These developments combined with editing programs that could be used in home PC's led to the rise of "video activism" for social justice on par with the empowerment of civil society. Many pioneering organizations such as; Paper Tiger, Whispered Media, Witness, Appalshop in the USA; Chiapas Media Project in Mexico; CEFREC in Bolivia; Drishti Media Collective, Indian People's Media Collective Kritika in India; Undercurrents, I-contact video network in the UK; Labor News Production in South Korea; INSIST in Indonesia; Candida in Italy, and Karahaber and Videa in Turkey employed video as an indispensable part of their various campaigns against violations of human rights, environment and minority rights.  
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[[Image:Delphine Seyrig Maria Schneider and Carole Roussopoulos 1975.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Delphine Seyrig]], Maria Schneider and Carole Roussopoulos during the shooting of ''Sois belle et tais-toi'', 1975.]]
  
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The anti-globalization movements that started in Seattle in 1999, ignited the 'independent media against mainstream media' movement organized on the Internet, a movement in which people could freely recount their stories. The rapid proliferation of the Internet, the rise in video sharing and increase in data transfer speed, put media activists into the agenda. These were people fighting against violations of rights, recording events with video cameras, and spreading images and news of events or actions censored by mainstream media, on the Internet.
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[[Image:Wendy_Appel_and_Rita_Ogden_c1972.jpg|thumb|350px|Wendy Appel and Rita Ogden filming with Sony Portapak, c.1972. Photo: Paul Goldsmith. Photo courtesy of [[TVTV]].]]
  
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"From "Kinok" to "Videok"
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<div class="lede">Video activism, guerrilla television, alternative television, video documentary, community television, community video, access TV, camcorder journalism</div>
  
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The roots of that kind of video making can be seen as far back as the 1920's, to the times of groups that produced news and images via their reporter networks that were called "Kinok" by the Soviet filmmaker Dziga Vertov. Their work was based on mechanistic and collective image production principles, they performed in an uncontrolled flow without any division of labor. The British social documentary of the 1930's under the leadership of Grierson, documenting daily lives and ordinary problems; Cinema Verité movement of 1960's of Jean Rouch; 'Group Medvedkine' of Chris Marker 'filming ' the factory strikes by workers themselves, and the collective production of those films at the end of the1960's; and the "Genç Sinema Hareketi" (Young Cinema Movement) in 1970's Turkey that documented social events and actions can all be connected to today's video activism movement.
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==Projects, collectives, activists==
  
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In fact, since the introduction of the portable video cameras in the mid-1960's, video art and video activism have existed side by side. This is a period in which the first video artists and activists went into the streets with their cameras in hand, claiming that the 'guerilla' tactics of this tool would eventually change television. The birth of video intersected the apex of idealism of cultural change and societal pluralism; this gave the video movement its first energy charge leading to the diversity seen today. For many people, video was a tool representing the 'revolt' against the institution of commercial television. The activists simply believed that the television revolution would finally be realized, just by giving cheap portable cameras to people, and asking them to express themselves using these tools. Then the term 'guerilla television', referring to specific activist video recordings, with all its aggressive and destructive connotations entered the English language. The concept of guerilla television is defined by the inventor of the term, Raindance member Michael Shamberg, as: "Guerrilla Television is grassroots television. It works with people, not from above them. On a simple level, this is no more than 'do-it-yourself-TV.' But the context for that notion is that survival in an information environment demands information tools."
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<div class=threecol>
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Thus, video activist groups and guerilla television experiments of the 1970's began, such as; Videofreex, Riandance, Global Village and People's Video Theatre, Ant Farm, Video Free America and Optic Nevre. For instance, Videofreex worked on creating an alternative history via television by focusing on documenting counter-cultures, just like many video activist groups today. The examples of their filming include; anti-war protests, the Black Panthers, communes, Chicago 7 case c. They did not document events in a selective manner; they were actually collecting news based on the idea of real-time filmmaking which with no editing being employed was more "real", involving a kind of authenticity, closeness, compared with other imaging tools. Although the members of those collectivities were artists (the majority of whom are still producing today), interested in collecting alternative news, wishing to display the problems of media and technology and taking a pluralistic approach to documenting history, they were opposed to the debates about video within the art scene. Since art as seen by the Western culture, supports the superiority of the individualistic creator and the idea of masterpieces, closely related to the material value of a work of art, therefore, collectivism was not easily accepted.
 
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"Video-maker as Producer"
 
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Today, many methods/formations such as 'Witness Video' are working with various human rights organizations around the world. Examples of this collaboration can be seen in the Group Medvedkine movement of Chris Marker of the 1960's when striking factory workers were transformed into filmmakers; or the Guerilla Television experience of Michael Shamberg where he dreamt of converting the audience-victims into reporters. These video-makers focus on issues such as; child soldiers in the Congo Democratic Republic; juvenile prison reforms in the USA; mass forced migration and human rights violations in Burma; slave labor in Brazil, and torture in Mexico. They are trying to change the world using video by providing victims with equipment and tools so they can tell their own stories. They do not film the victims, but they help the victims to produce their own images.
 
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Ege Berensel
 
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* Ege Berensel, [http://www.goethe.de/ins/tr/lp/prj/art/med/str/en9835055.htm "From Guerilla Television to Video-Activism, from Witness Video to Media-Activism: How to Resist Using Video"], ''Goethe.de'', 2012
 
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==Pages==
 
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category            = Video activism
 
category            = Video activism
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==Literature==
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''also'': Whispered Media, Witness, Appalshop in the USA; Chiapas Media Project in Mexico; Drishti Media Collective, Indian People's Media Collective Kritika in India; Undercurrents, I-contact video network in the UK; Labor News Production in South Korea; INSIST in Indonesia; Karahaber and Videa in Turkey
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* Michael Shamberg, Raindance Corporation, ''Guerrilla Television'', New York, Chicago, San Francisco: Holt Rinehart and Winstin, 1971. [http://archive.neural.it/init/default/show/1964]
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* Deidre Boyle, ''Subject to Change: Guerrilla Television Revisited'', Oxford University Press, 1997.  
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==Events==
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* Nancy Cain, ''Video Days and What We Saw Through the Viewfinder'', Palm Springs: Event Horizon Press, 2011.
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* Ege Berensel, [http://www.goethe.de/ins/tr/lp/prj/art/med/str/en9835055.htm "From Guerilla Television to Video-Activism, from Witness Video to Media-Activism: How to Resist Using Video"], ''Goethe.de'', 2012
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* [http://videovortex10.net Video Vortex #10 Istanbul: Art, Activism, Archive], Istanbul, 19-20 Sep 2014. [https://networkcultures.org/videovortex/past-events/events/]
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* [http://videoactivism.net/en/conference-berlin-2017/ The Power of Activist Videos], conference, ICI Berlin, 12-13 May 2017. Organized by Jens Eder, Britta Hartmann and Chris Tedjasukmana.
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* [https://www.t-e-s-t-c-a-r-d.com/ Testcard], programme of artists moving-image that takes the format of a 24-hour TV variety show which included a combination of live and pre-recorded material to draw on the history of radical and public broadcasting, open publishing and transmission, 24-25 Sep 2022. Developed by Nastassja Simensky and Anneke Kampman.
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* [http://www.ravenrow.org/current/ People Make Television], exhibition, Raven Row, London, 28 Jan-26 Mar 2023. Curated by Lori E. Allen, William Fowler, Matthew Harle and Alex Sainsbury.
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==Collections, digital platforms==
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* [https://mediaburn.org/watch-videos-from-our-collection11/ Media Burn Archive], Chicago. The website features a digital archive of videos from the 1950s onward. "The collection forms an unmatched portrait of 20th and 21st century American life, created by individuals with a deeply rooted commitment to increasing our understanding of other human beings and communities." [https://mediaburn.org/blog/resurrecting-the-1970s-guerrilla-television-movement/] [https://news.uchicago.edu/story/hidden-history-guerrilla-television-uchicago-scholars-preserve-decades-old-videos]
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* [https://guerrillatv.bampfa.berkeley.edu/ Preserving Guerilla Television: TVTV], BAMPFA, University of California. [https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/search?&sf=title&so=a&rm=&p=collection%3A%27Top%20Value%20Television%20papers%27&ln=en Digital collections]. [https://www.berkeleyside.org/2018/07/18/digitization-project-reveals-unseen-guerrilla-footage-that-revolutionized-tv]
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* [http://web.archive.org/web/20191028171546/http://www.the-lcva.co.uk/items?splash=true London Community Video Archive] (LCVA), preserves the work of the Community Video movement in the 1970s and 80s, in London and the South East. Based at Goldsmiths University and the BFI. [https://www.youtube.com/c/LondonCommunityVideoArchive YouTube]. [https://vimeo.com/thelcva Vimeo].
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==Resources==
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* [http://videoactivism.net/en/ Video Activism 2.0], research project on the attention strategies of video activism on the social web.
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==Publications==
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[[Image:Radical Software 2 1 Changing Channels Winter 1972.jpg|thumb|300px|''[[Radical Software]]'', 1970-1974.]]
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[[Image:Shamberg Michael Raindance Corporation Guerrilla Television 1971.jpg|thumb|300px|Michael Shamberg, Raindance Corporation, ''Guerrilla Television'', 1971.]]
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[[Image:Boyle_Deirdre_Subject_to_Change_Guerrilla_Television_Revisited 1997.jpg|thumb|300px|Deidre Boyle, ''Subject to Change: Guerrilla Television Revisited'', 1997, [http://monoskop.org/log/?p=406 Log].]]
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[[Image:Defiant_Muses_Delphine_Seyrig_and_the_Feminist_Video_Collectives_in_France_1970s-1980s_2019.jpg|thumb|300px|''Defiant Muses: Delphine Seyrig and the Feminist Video Collectives in France, 1970s-1980s'', 2019, [https://monoskop.org/log/?p=22021 Log], [[Media:Defiant_Muses_Delphine_Seyrig_and_the_Feminist_Video_Collectives_in_France_1970s-1980s_2019.pdf|PDF]].]]
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* ''[[Radical Software]]'', 11 issues, eds. Beryl Korot, Phyllis Segura, and Ira Schneider, New York: Raindance Corporation (later Raindance Foundation with Gordon and Breach Publishers), 1970-1974.
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* Michael Shamberg, Raindance Corporation, ''Guerrilla Television'', New York, Chicago, San Francisco: Holt Rinehart and Winstin, 1971, 108 pp. [http://archive.neural.it/init/default/show/1964 TOC]. [https://www.radicalsoftware.org/volume1nr5/pdf/VOLUME1NR5_0120.pdf Ad]. [http://blogs.evergreen.edu/publicaccesstelevision/2017/10/02/guerilla-television-by-michael-shamberg/ Review]. [http://letsremake.info/PDFs/guide_2nd_edition.pdf#page=11] [https://aaaaarg.fail/thing/5a71f6669ff37c3f7b09f921] [https://archive.org/details/ETC3143/]
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* Martha Gever, [[Media:Gever_Martha_1983_Video_Politics_Early_Feminist_Projects.pdf|"Video Politics: Early Feminist Projects"]], ''Afterimage'', Summer 1983, pp 25-27. [https://www.eai.org/supporting-documents/303/w.1236.0]
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* Wolfgang Stickel, ''[[Media:Stickel Wolfgang Zur Geschichte der Videobewegung 1991 2014.pdf|Zur Geschichte der Videobewegung: politisch orientierte Medienarbeit mit Video in den 70er und 80er Jahren: am Beispiel der Medienwerkstatt Freiburg und anderer Videogruppen und Medienzentren in der Bundesrepublik]]'', Freiburg: Pädagogische Hochschule Freiburg, 1991; corr.ed., 1992; 2014, 187 pp. Master's thesis. [http://medienwerkstatt-freiburg.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/MW-Geschichte.pdf Excerpt]. {{de}}
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* Tjebbe van Tijen, [[Media:van Tijen Tjebbe 1993 A Context for Collecting the New Media.pdf|"A Context for Collecting the New Media"]], in ''Next 5 Minutes Video Catalogue: Catalogue of Videotapes Shown During the Festival on Tactical Television held in Paradiso Amsterdam, 8-10 January 1993'', eds. Bas Raijmakers and Tjebbe van Tijen, Amsterdam: International Institute of Social History, 1993.
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* Alexandra Juhasz, ''[[Media:Juhasz Alexandra AIDS TV Identity Community and Alternative Video 1995.pdf|AIDS TV: Identity, Community, and Alternative Video]]'', Duke University Press, 1995, 316 pp. [https://alexandrajuhasz.com/books/aids-tv/ Author]. [https://www.dukeupress.edu/aids-tv Publisher].
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* Deidre Boyle, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=406 Subject to Change: Guerrilla Television Revisited]'', Oxford University Press, 1997, 286 pp, [[Media:Boyle_Deirdre_Subject_to_Change_Guerrilla_Television_Revisited.pdf|PDF]].
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* Carlos Fernandez, [[Media:Fernandez Carlos 2007 Movements and Militant Media Communications Technology and Latin American Grassroots Politics.pdf|"Movements and Militant Media: Communications Technology and Latin American Grassroots Politics"]], in ''Realizing the Impossible: Art Against Authority'', eds. Josh MacPhee and Erik Reuland, AK Press, 2007, pp 229-235.
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* Carolyn Faber, Jakob Jakobsen, ''Guerilla Television and Activist Video: A View from the Last 35 Years'', Copenhagen: Copenhagen Free University, 2007, 56 pp. [http://www.copenhagenfreeuniversity.dk/weinberg.html Excerpt], [http://www.halfletterpress.com/guerrilla-television-and-activist-video-a-view-from-the-last-35-years/]. Booklet with an interview with tv-pioneer Tom Weinberg - by Carolyn Faber, documents from the Media Burn Archive and a Guerilla Television Lexicon.
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* Jesse Drew, [https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Stimson_Blake_Sholette_Gregory_eds_Collectivism_after_Modernism_The_Art_of_Social_Imagination_after_1945_2007.pdf#page=113 "The Collective Camcorder in Art and Activism"], in ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=232 Collectivism After Modernism: The Art of Social Imagination After 1945]'', eds. Blake Stimson and Gregory Sholette, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007, pp 95-113.
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* ''[[Media:Videokronik Aktivisme Video dan Distribusi Video di Indonesia 2009.pdf|Videokronik: Aktivisme Video dan Distribusi Video di Indonesia]]'', Yogyakarta: KUNCI Cultural Studies Center, and Collingwood: EngageMedia, 2009, 70 pp. [https://www.kunci.or.id/collections/videochronic/ Publisher]. {{id}}
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** ''[[Media:Videochronic Video Activism and Video Distribution in Indonesia 2009.pdf|Videochronic: Video Activism and Video Distribution in Indonesia]]'', Yogyakarta: KUNCI Cultural Studies Center, and Collingwood: EngageMedia, 2009, 68 pp. [https://www.kunci.or.id/collections/videochronic/ Publisher].
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* Nancy Cain, ''Video Days and What We Saw Through the Viewfinder'', Palm Springs, CA: Event Horizon Press, 2011.
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* Stéphanie Jeanjean, [https://sci-hub.st/10.1086/661606 "Disobedient Video in France in the 1970s: Video Production by Women’s Collectives"], ''Afterall'' 27, Summer 2011, pp 5-16.
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* Ege Berensel, [http://www.goethe.de/ins/tr/lp/prj/art/med/str/en9835055.htm "From Guerilla Television to Video-Activism, from Witness Video to Media-Activism: How to Resist Using Video"], ''Goethe.de'', 2012.
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* William Merrin, [[Media:Merrin William 2012 Still Fighting the Beast Guerrilla Television and the Limits of YouTube.pdf|"Still Fighting “the Beast”: Guerrilla Television and the Limits of YouTube"]], ''Cultural Politics'' 8:1, Mar 2012, pp 97-119.
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* ''Journal of Film and Video'' 64(1-2): "Early Video History", ed. Elizabeth Coffman, Spring/Summer 2012. [https://sci-hub.st/10.5406/jfilmvideo.64.1-2.0001 TOC].  [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jfilmvideo.64.1-2.issue-1-2]
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* Sara Chapman, [https://sci-hub.st/10.5406/jfilmvideo.64.1-2.0042 "Guerrilla Television in the Digital Archive"], ''Journal of Film and Video'' 64:1-2, Spring/Summer 2012, pp 42-50.
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* Kris Paulsen, [http://amodern.net/article/half-inch-revolution/ "Half-Inch Revolution: The Guerrilla Video Tape Network"], ''Amodern'' 2, Oct 2013.
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* Brian Holmes, [http://www.regardingspectatorship.net/tactical-television-movement-media-in-the-nineties/ "Tactical Television. Movement Media in the Nineties"], ''Regarding Spectatorship'', 2015.
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* Chris Robé, ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=22677 Breaking the Spell: A History of Anarchist Filmmakers, Videotape Guerrillas, and Digital Ninjas]'', Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2017, x+469 pp.
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* Ege Berensel (ed.), ''Video'nun Eylemi'', Istanbul: Alef Yayinevi, 2017, 238 pp. [https://www.nadirkitap.com/videonun-eylemi-derleyen-ege-berensel-kitap10662622.html] {{tr}}
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* Gülüm Şener, Nihan Gider Işıkman (eds.), ''Video Aktivizmde. Kavramlar Sorunlar Uygulamalar'', Ankara: um:ag Yayınları, 2018, 230 pp. [http://www.umag.org.tr/tr/yayinevi/200/medya-ve-gazetecilik-dizisi/146/videoaktivizmde-kavramlar-sorunlar-uygulamalar Publisher]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vyyDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1] {{tr}}
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* Michael Goddard, ''[http://library.memoryoftheworld.org/#/book/e6873b0f-14e7-4e65-8e07-6e108f40cfda Guerrilla Networks: An Anarchaeology of 1970s Radical Media Ecologies]'', Amsterdam University Press, 2018, 358 pp. [https://en.aup.nl/download/9789048527533%20ToC%20+%20Intro.pdf TOC & Introduction]. [http://en.aup.nl/books/9789089648891-guerrilla-networks.html]. Review: [https://www.hsozkult.de/publicationreview/id/rezbuecher-29283 Gloor] (H-Soz-Kult).
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* Freya Schiwy, [[Media:Schiwy Freya 2019 Thresholds of the Visible Activist Video Militancy and Prefigurative Politics.pdf|"Thresholds of the Visible: Activist Video, Militancy, and Prefigurative Politics"]], ''ARTMargins'' 8:3, Oct 2019, pp 7-28. [https://doi.org/10.1162/artm_a_00242]
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* Freya Schiwy, ''[http://library.memoryoftheworld.org/#/book/4c3ba0f8-38a4-4f9b-bad3-c87ebd54305d The Open Invitation: Activist Video, Mexico, and the Politics of Affect]'', University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019.
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* ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=22021 Defiant Muses: Delphine Seyrig and the Feminist Video Collectives in France, 1970s-1980s]'', Madrid: Museo Reina Sofía, 2019, 231 pp. {{en}}
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** ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=22021 Musas insumisas: Delphine Seyrig y los colectivos de vídeo feminista en Francia en los 70 y 80]'', Madrid: Museo Reina Sofía, 2019, 231 pp. {{es}}
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* Sandra Ristovska, ''[https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12244.001.0001 Seeing Human Rights: Video Activism as a Proxy Profession]'', MIT Press, 2021, 288 pp, [[Media:Ristovska_Sandra_Seeing_Human_Rights_Video_Activism_as_a_Proxy_Profession_2021.epub|EPUB]]. [https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/seeing-human-rights]
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* Francesco Spampinato, ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=0A74DBFACEC12A3292639EB9912EB3E9 Art vs. TV: A Brief History of Contemporary Artists' Responses to Television]'', Bloomsbury Academic, 2021, 368 pp. [https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/art-vs-tv-9781501370571/ Publisher]. Review: [https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8365.12740 Day] (Art Hist).
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* Andrew Roach, ''[https://communitymedia.network/ Community Media: A Handbook for Revolutions in DIY TV]'', 2023. [https://retro.social/@ajroach42/110616713298380952 Toot].
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
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* [[Video]]
 
  
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* [[Video]], [[Community radio]], [[Community servers]], [[Art and activism]]
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{{Art and culture}}
  
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{{Media art and culture}}
 
 
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Latest revision as of 21:59, 20 February 2024

Eleanor Boyer (left) and Karen Peugh. (Source)
Delphine Seyrig, Maria Schneider and Carole Roussopoulos during the shooting of Sois belle et tais-toi, 1975.
Wendy Appel and Rita Ogden filming with Sony Portapak, c.1972. Photo: Paul Goldsmith. Photo courtesy of TVTV.
Video activism, guerrilla television, alternative television, video documentary, community television, community video, access TV, camcorder journalism

Projects, collectives, activists[edit]

also: Whispered Media, Witness, Appalshop in the USA; Chiapas Media Project in Mexico; Drishti Media Collective, Indian People's Media Collective Kritika in India; Undercurrents, I-contact video network in the UK; Labor News Production in South Korea; INSIST in Indonesia; Karahaber and Videa in Turkey

Events[edit]

  • Testcard, programme of artists moving-image that takes the format of a 24-hour TV variety show which included a combination of live and pre-recorded material to draw on the history of radical and public broadcasting, open publishing and transmission, 24-25 Sep 2022. Developed by Nastassja Simensky and Anneke Kampman.
  • People Make Television, exhibition, Raven Row, London, 28 Jan-26 Mar 2023. Curated by Lori E. Allen, William Fowler, Matthew Harle and Alex Sainsbury.

Collections, digital platforms[edit]

  • Media Burn Archive, Chicago. The website features a digital archive of videos from the 1950s onward. "The collection forms an unmatched portrait of 20th and 21st century American life, created by individuals with a deeply rooted commitment to increasing our understanding of other human beings and communities." [2] [3]

Resources[edit]

  • Video Activism 2.0, research project on the attention strategies of video activism on the social web.

Publications[edit]

Radical Software, 1970-1974.
Michael Shamberg, Raindance Corporation, Guerrilla Television, 1971.
Deidre Boyle, Subject to Change: Guerrilla Television Revisited, 1997, Log.
Defiant Muses: Delphine Seyrig and the Feminist Video Collectives in France, 1970s-1980s, 2019, Log, PDF.
  • Radical Software, 11 issues, eds. Beryl Korot, Phyllis Segura, and Ira Schneider, New York: Raindance Corporation (later Raindance Foundation with Gordon and Breach Publishers), 1970-1974.
  • Michael Shamberg, Raindance Corporation, Guerrilla Television, New York, Chicago, San Francisco: Holt Rinehart and Winstin, 1971, 108 pp. TOC. Ad. Review. [5] [6] [7]
  • Tjebbe van Tijen, "A Context for Collecting the New Media", in Next 5 Minutes Video Catalogue: Catalogue of Videotapes Shown During the Festival on Tactical Television held in Paradiso Amsterdam, 8-10 January 1993, eds. Bas Raijmakers and Tjebbe van Tijen, Amsterdam: International Institute of Social History, 1993.
  • Carolyn Faber, Jakob Jakobsen, Guerilla Television and Activist Video: A View from the Last 35 Years, Copenhagen: Copenhagen Free University, 2007, 56 pp. Excerpt, [9]. Booklet with an interview with tv-pioneer Tom Weinberg - by Carolyn Faber, documents from the Media Burn Archive and a Guerilla Television Lexicon.
  • Nancy Cain, Video Days and What We Saw Through the Viewfinder, Palm Springs, CA: Event Horizon Press, 2011.
  • Journal of Film and Video 64(1-2): "Early Video History", ed. Elizabeth Coffman, Spring/Summer 2012. TOC. [10]
  • Ege Berensel (ed.), Video'nun Eylemi, Istanbul: Alef Yayinevi, 2017, 238 pp. [11] (Turkish)
  • Gülüm Şener, Nihan Gider Işıkman (eds.), Video Aktivizmde. Kavramlar Sorunlar Uygulamalar, Ankara: um:ag Yayınları, 2018, 230 pp. Publisher. [12] (Turkish)

See also[edit]



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