Zenit

Zenit (Zenith), the international review of new art and culture, published in Zagreb (1921-23) and later in Belgrade (1923-26), enjoyed a reputation in the world as the only Yugoslav avant-garde journal, which was included in the international avant-garde scene at the beginning of the 1920s. Its founder, editor and the chief ideologist of the Zenit programme Ljubomir Micić, poet and art critic, intended to introduce social and artistic principles of avant-garde to Croatia and Serbia, particularly constructivism, futurism and Dadaism. A total of 43 issues were published (including special number dedicated to young Czech artists, and No. 17-18 to the new Russian Art, edited by Ilya Ehrenburg and El Lissitzky), as well as one poster Zenitsmus, and one issue of daily Zenit Newspaper dated 23 September 1922. The magazine brought together a number of collaborators: Marijan Mikac, Jo Klek (Josip Seissel), Vilko Gecan, Mihailo Petrov, Boško Tokin, Stanislav Vinaver, Rastko Petrovic, Branko Ve Poljanski (Branko Micić), Dragan Aleksic, Milos Crnjanski, Dusan Matic and others. Foreign collaborators and contributors included the French poet Ivan Goll, Alexander Archipenko, Ilya Ehrenburg, Wassily Kandinsky, El Lissitzky, Louis Lozowick, Alexander Blok, Jaroslav Seifert. The visual contributions by Jo Klek and Mihailo Petrov epitomized Zenitist art and painting.

In the beginning the movement had many characteristics of the Expressionism (and shared few ideas with the Constructivism) with outstanding anti militant orientation, cherishing the spirit of internationalism and revolutionaries due the strong influence of the Russian revolution. Its' main aim was for the creation of the new men by the means of new art. It promoted the idea of the Balkanisation of Europe through the metaphoric figure of the Balkan Barbarogenius.

Its founders and prominent members were Ljubomir Micic , his brother Branko Ve Poljanski (Valerij Virgil Vij Ve) poet, painter,critic, actor, editor; Risto Ratkovic and S. Zivanovic. But, in a short time period it attracted members and collaborators from the country as well as from abroad: Milos Crnjanski, BOSKO TOKIN, Stanislav Vinaver, Rastko Petrovic, Dusan Matic, Dragan Aleksic, Mihajlo Petrov (1902-195), Josif Klek, Ivan Gol (Gall (Yvan), Iwan (real name Lang Isaac; 1811 - 1950 - French writer) Jiri Haussman (Czech architect) Kandinsky Alexander Archipenko (1887-1964- Ukrainian sculptor who from 1921 lived in USA), Teige Karel (1900-1951; Czech avant gardist), K. Einstein, Peter Berhens (1868-1940 German architect), F. Tomaso Marinetti, El Lissitzki (1890-1941), Elizer Markovic (Russian constructivist) Ilia Erenburg, Walter Gropius, Theo Van Doesburg (1881-1911 group De Stijl), Lajos Kasak (1887-1967; one of the leading names of Hungarian avant-garde that lived in Vienna from 1919 to 1925), Geo Milev (1895-1925, Bulgarian poet that disappeared after writing the poem September about the pogrom), Heyworth Walden (real name George Levin 1878-1941 editor of the review Der Sturm) and others. The principal manifestos are the Manifest of Zenithism published in Zagreb in 1921 and signed by Micic, TokiN and Gol and program papers Man and the Art; Zenithosophia or the energy of the creative Zenithism; The Categorical Imperative of the Zenithist Poet School.

The review Zenith international review for art and culture was published in Zagreb (1921-1921) and Belgrade (1921 - 1926). The last number no. 4 (December 1926) was banned because of the collaboration of the Russian artists and the article Zenithism through the Prism of Marxism. Main editor was Ljubomir Micic. The Zenith cooperated with other avant-garde reviews: De Stij, L'Espirit Nuovo, Der Sturm, MaHer Oberzic. They also were involved in the book publishing; in organizing of the lectures, soirees; collecting of art works, expositions and other manifestations. [1]

Reprint

The monograph Zenit 1921-1926 published by Narodna biblioteka Srbije i Prosvjeta Zagreb in 2008 includes studies about literary and visual culture of Zenit, the complete chronicles of the periodical, biographies of all the contributors, a bibliography, a list of literature on Zenit and zenithism, as well as a valuable webography. The book was printed in full color, on 530 pages, and equipped with illustrations from the magazine, as well as with photographs of contemporary celebrities. Some of the photographs appear for the first time.

See also

• Croatia#Avant-garde
• Serbia#Avant-garde

Literature

• Irina Subotić, "'Zenit' and 'Zenitism'", trans. Ann Vasić, The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts 17, Yugoslavian Theme Issue (Autumn 1990), pp 14-25.
• Irina Subotić, "The avant-garde visionary and utopian model proposed by Ljubomir Micic and his journal Zenit", Balkan Studies 3-4 (1996), pp 54-57.
• Dragan Kujundzic, Jasna Jovanov, "Yougo-Dada", in Gerald Janecek and Toshiharu Omuka (eds.), The Eastern Dada Orbit. Crisis and the Arts. The History of Dada 4, New York, 1998, 58 ff.
• Milan Grba, "Belgrade", in Stephen Bury (ed.), Breaking the Rules. The Printed Face of the European Avant Garde 1900-1937, London: The British Library, 2007, pp 74-76.
• Vidosava Golubović, "The Zenit Periodical (1921-1926)", Zenit 1921-1926, Belgrade: National Library of Serbia, 2008.
• Irina Subotić, "The Visual Culture of the Zenit Periodical and Its Publications", Zenit 1921-1926, Belgrade: National Library of Serbia, 2008.

External links

• Zenit at Digital collection of National Library of Serbia (from Archive.org), Alt link.
• Zenit at DADA & Modernist Magazines
• Zenit at Virtual Museum of Avant-Garde Art, Marinko Sudac Collection, Varazdin, Croatia.
• Selection of writings from Zenit