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| − | ==Reader==
| + | #REDIRECT [[Commons]] |
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| − | ; political theory
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| − | * Michael Hardt – Politics of the Common (2009) [http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/21899]. Hardt gives very good summary of current debates about the commons. he explains the immaterial property and the common got into centre of contemporary production shifting away from industrial capitalist mobile/immobile commodity properties. he says that today the capital and economic development paradoxically relies on the common, and that the central task for contemporary society is to develop an alternative management of the common. By the common he means the ecological (earth, ecosystems, and all forms of life interacting with them) and social/cultural (shared products of human labor–ideas, images, affects, social relationships) domains. that is not much news, but what is interesting – these two domains are often treated separately, and here hardt mentions two major instances of contradictions which link them: contradiction between private property and the common; and the fact that the value of common is immeasurable with the traditional capitalist system of measures (and is rather based on value of life, which we have not yet invented). / O ‘the common’ hovori ako o ekologickych (lesy, plaze, vzduch, jazera) a nematerialnych socialnych/kulturnych statkoch (videa, texty, fotky, idey, pocity, socialne vztahy, zabava, nove formy zivota), ku ktorym maju (mat) vsetci volny pristup. hovori o dvoch hlavnych rozporoch s ohladom na klasicky system – konkretne nemoznost urcit ich (ekonomicku) hodnotu, a problem vlastnickeho vztahu k nim.
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| − | * Slavoj Zizek – Ecology: A New Opium of the Masses [http://www.lacan.com/zizecology1.htm] (incl. video) tu zizek vychadza z idei commons ako ju chapu hardt a negri, a jemne ju rozsiruje: commons ako kultura, externa priroda (ekologia), a interna priroda (biogenetika). tvrdi, ze je do commons zasadne zapojit aj mensiny, populaciu vylucenu z politickych procesov.
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| − | ; economy
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| − | * Lawrence Lessig – Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy (2008) [http://burundi.sk/monoskop/log/?p=224] hovori o tom, ako mozu ist dokopy ekonomika ‘komercie’ (klasicky online biznis) a ‘zdielania’ (v ktorej nefigujuru peniaze–napr. priatelstvo alebo P2P filesharing). odtial by bolo dobre vytiahnut nejaku cast, ale najst nejaky sumarizujuci text, pripadne jeho kritiku.
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| − | * Mikael Pawlo – What’s the meaning of “non-commercial”? (2004) [http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-0501/msg00006.html] Pawlo je sef svedskych iCommons a kritizuje tu fakt, ze drviva vacsina materialov pod CC pouziva klauzulku ‘non-commercial’. pyta sa co to znamena — a dava vela prikladov, kde sa to co je commercial a co non-commercial neda urcit – napriklad: verejna televizia, verejne skoly, reklamy na neziskovky, rss-feedy embednute vo weboch na ktorych je reklama - to su priklady, v ktorych nie je mozne urcit ci mozeme pouzit CC videa ktore su sirene pod noncommercial licenciou.
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| − | * Bauwens – crowdfunding
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| − | ; software
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| − | * Richard Stallmann. Stallmann v Lessigovej knihe hovori, ze free software nie je altruizmus, ze tie veci programatori nerobia lebo maju dobre srdce, ale spravidla maju pragmaticke dovody. musi k tomu byt nejaky dobry clanok.
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| − | ; philosophy
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| − | * Bernard Stiegler – transindividuation [http://vimeo.com/4568779]. Stiegler kritizuje web 2.0 sluzby a hovori o procese “transindividuacie”, kedy svoj esteticky vkus menia uzivatelia medzi sebou tym, ze zdielaju online material. nadvazuje na zabudnuteho filozofa Simondona, ktory s tym terminom prisiel snad este v 50-tych rokoch.
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| − | ; commons in praxis
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| − | * kauza a predaj Pirate Bay
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| − | * jeden zaujimavy projekt v anglicku [http://uniteddiversity.com/commons-creation/]
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| − | ; art/activism
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| − | * Ines Doujak – Victory Gardens [http://www.lakeside-kunstraum.at/archiv.detail.asp?active_semprog_ID=525386989&active_topic_ID=854442775], [http://www.we-make-money-not-art.com/archives/2008/05/raised-above-the-ground-with.php]. instalacia (2007) viedenskej umelkyne kritizujucej politiku USA a EU, ktora prehliada privatizovanie verejnych statkov (vody, potravin, pody) korporaciami prostrednictvom patentov [biopiratstvo], najma v krajinach “mega diverzity” (mexiku, indii, brazili, indonezii). / Hardt: I object to calling this piracy, by the way, because pirates at least have the dignity to steal property. These corporations steal the common and transform it into private property.
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| − | * Yes Men – Bhopal
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| − | ; plus
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| − | * Garrett Hardin (1968) - The Tragedy of the Commons [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/162/3859/1243]. To make the case for "no technical solutions", Hardin notes the limits placed on the availability of energy (and material resources) on Earth, and also the consequences of these limits for "quality of life". To maximize population, one needs to minimize resources spent on anything other than simple survival, and vice versa. | hypothetical example of a pasture shared by local herders. individual herder will continue to add additional animals to his or her herd. However, since all herders reach the same rational conclusion, overgrazing and degradation of pasture is its long-term fate. | examples of latter day "commons", such as the atmosphere, oceans, rivers, fish stocks, national parks, advertising, and even parking meters. | potential management solutions: commons problems including privatization, polluter pays, and regulation. | The metaphor illustrates the argument that free access and unrestricted demand for a finite resource ultimately dooms the resource through over-exploitation.
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| − | * Elinor Ostrom
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| − | {{Contemporary debate}}
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