Audiovisual tools and instruments

• The Optophonic Piano Vladimir Rossiné Soviet Union 1916 [1]
• The Theremin Leon Termen Soviet Union 1917 [2]

• 1920 Lev (Leon) Theremin, Russia, invented the Aetherophone (later called the Theremin or Thereminovox). The instrument used 2 vacuum tube oscillators to produce beat notes. Musical sounds were created by "heterodyning" from oscillators which varied pitch. A circuit was altered by changing the distance between 2 elements. The instrument had a radio antenna to control dynamics and a rod sticking out the side that controlled pitch. The performer would move his/her hand along the rod to change pitch, while simultaneously moving his/her other hand in proximity to the antenna. Many composers used this instrument including Varese.

• 1957 Warsaw at Polish Radio, an electronic studio established.

• The Terpsitone Leon Termen USA/USSR 1930 [3]
• The Theremin Cello Leon Termen USA 1930 [4]
• The Sonar N.Anan'yev Soviet Union c1930 [5]
• The "Ekvodin" V.A.Gurov Soviet Union 1931 [6]
• The Variophone Yevgeny Sholpo Soviet Union 1932 [7]
• The Emiriton A.Ivanov & A.Rimsky-Korsakov Soviet Union 1932 [8]

Resources

• 120 Years of Electronic Music. Electronic Musical Instrument 1870 - 1990, http://www.obsolete.com/120_years/nav.html