Karl Marx

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels with Marx's daughters Jenny Caroline, Jenny Julia Eleanor, and Jenny Laura in London, May 1864.
Born	May 5, 1818(1818-05-05) Trier, Kingdom of Prussia, German Confederation (today Germany)
Died	March 14, 1883(1883-03-14) (aged 64) London, England, United Kingdom
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Karl Marx (1818–1883) was a philosopher, economist, social theorist, political journalist and protagonist of the labour movement. Together with Friedrich Engels, he became the most influential theorist of socialism and communism. Marx published numerous works during his lifetime, the most notable being the Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-94). His work in economics laid the basis for the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital, and has influenced much of subsequent economic thought.

Selected works

(in German unless noted)

• "Zur Kritik der Hegel’schen Rechtsphilosophie", in Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, eds. Arnold Ruge and Karl Marx, Paris: Bureau der Jahrbücher, 1844, pp 71-85, WS.
  • Contribution à la critique de La philosophie du droit de Hegel, WS. (in French)
  • Vvedenie k kritikie filosofii prava Gegelia, intro. P.L. Lavrov, St. Peterburg: V. Vrublevsky, 1906, IA. (in Russian)
  • "Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law", in Marx and Engels, Early Writings, trans. Gregor Benton and Rodney Livingstone, Harmondsworth: Penguin/New Left Review, 1975. (in English)

• with Friedrich Engels, Die heilige Familie, oder, Kritik der kritischen Kritik, gegen Bruno Bauer & Consorten, Frankfurt am Main: Rütten, 1845, Commons; repr. in Marx and Engels, Werke, Bd. 2, Berlin, 1957, Zeno.
  • The Holy Family, or Critique of Critical Critique, trans. R. Dixon, Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1956, 299 pp, IA. (in English)
  • "Holy Family", in Marx and Engels Collected Works, Vol. 4, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1975. (in English)

• with Friedrich Engels, Die deutsche Ideologie [1845-47, unfinished], in Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe, Bd. 5, Moscow and Leningrad 1933. Written in Brussels in 1845-46.
  • The German Ideology, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1965.
  • The German Ideology: Critique of Modern German Philosophy According to Its Representatives Feuerbach, B. Bauer and Stirner, and of German Socialism According to Its Various Prophets, in Marx and Engels Collected Works, Vol. 5, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1975, MIA. (in English)

The only remaining manuscript page of The Communist Manifesto, written in 1847. [1]

• [Anonym], with Friedrich Engels, Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei, London, Feb 1848, 23 pp WS; 2nd ed., [Anonym], Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei (1850/51), Cologne (stated London), 1850/51, 30 pp, WS; 1890; repr. in Marx and Engels, Werke, Bd. 4, Berlin: Dietz, 1959, pp 459-493, HTML; 6th ed., unchanged, 1972. The 1959 German edition contains translated forewords to the following editions: German 1872, English 1888, German 1890, Polish 1892, and Italian 1893. [2]
  • [Manuscript], Brussels, [Dec 1847-Jan 1848], IALHI.
  • "Manifeste du parti communiste", trans. Laura Lafargue, in Gabriel Terrail, La France socialiste, Paris: F. Fetscherin et Chuit, 1886, pp 296-345, WS; repr. in Antonio Labriola, Essais sur la conception matérialiste de l’histoire, Paris: V. Giard & E. Brière, 1897, pp 293-348, WS. (in French)
  • "Manifeste du Parti communiste", in Oeuvres choisies, t. 1, Moscow: Progrès, 1900, pp 13-56, IA. (in French)
  • Le Manifeste communiste, trans. Charles Andler, Georges Bellais, 1901, WS. (in French)
  • 17 Russian-language editions were produced in 1905.
  • Manifesto of the Communist Party, ed. Frederick Engels, Chicago: Kerr, 1906, IA; New York: New York Labor News, 1908, IA; Chicago: Kerr, 1910, IA; New York: International Publishers, 1948, OL; New York: International Publishers, 1983, OL; New York: International Publishers, 1995, OL. (in English)
  • 共产党宣言, 1907-. (in Chinese). 23 translations, 1907-2005.
  • 10 Russian-language editions were produced in 1917.
  • The Communist Manifesto, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1955, OL; Regnery, 1955, OL; Penguin, 1956, OL; Penguin, 1967, OL; Oxford University Press, World's Classics, 1992, OL; Verso, 1998. (in English)
  • Manifest komunistické strany, trans. Ladislav Štoll, Prague: SPN, 1972; 1988. (in Czech)
  • Le manifeste communiste, Paris: Savelli, 1977. Arg. (in French). With illustrations by Giorgio Fenu.
  • Manifest Partii Komunistycznej. (in Polish)

• Grundrisse der Kritik der politischen Ökonomie [1857-58]. Unfinished manuscript. Written in London from Sep 1857 to May 1858 as a preparatory work for Das Kapital. Published in Moscow: Marx-Engels Institute, 1939-41; 2nd ed. as Grundrisse der Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (Rohentwurf) 1857-58, East Berlin: Dietz, 1953; repr. in MEGA II/1: Ökonomische Manuskripte 1857/58, 2 vols., Berlin: Dietz, 1976/81; 2 ed., unchanged, ND Berlin: Akademie, 2006, 1182 pp, BBAW 1 BBAW 2.
  • 経済学批判要綱(草案), trans. 高木幸二郎, 1958-61. (in Japanese)
  • 政治经济学批判大纲, 1962-78. (in Chinese)
  • Fondements de la critique de l’économie politique, trans. Roger Dangeville, Paris, 10/18, 1968. (in French)
  • Kritika politicheskoy ekonomii [критика политической экономии], in Marks and Engels, Sochineniya [Сочинения], 2nd ed., vol. 46/1-2, Moscow: Politizdat, 1968-69, DJV-ZIP. (in Russian)
  • Lineamenti fondamentali della critica dell'economia politica 1857-1858, 2 vols., Firenze: La nuova Italia, 1968-70. (in Italian)
  • Elementos fundamentales para la crítica de la economía política (Grundrisse) 1857-1858, 3 vols., trans. Pedro Scaron, Mexico: Siglo XXI, 1971/72/76; 20th ed., 2007, PDF. (in Spanish). Of the 1953 edition.
  • Grundrisse, trans. David McLellan, London: Macmillan, 1971; New York: Harper and Rowe, 1971; Paladin, 1973, 186 pp, Arg. (in English). Extracts; trans. of the 1953 edition.
  • Rukopisy 'Grundrisse' (Ekonomické rukopisy z let 1857-1859), Prague: Svoboda, 1971/74/77. (in Czech)
  • A politikai gazdaságtan bírálatának alapvonalai I-II. – Nyersfogalmazvány 1857-1858, in Marx and Engels, Művei, vols. 46/1 and 46/2, Budapest: Kossuth, 1972. (in Hungarian)
  • 1972-4. (in Romanian)
  • Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy (Rough Draft), trans. Martin Nicolaus, Harmondsworth: Penguin/New Left Review, 1973, MIA; New York: Vintage, 1973; Penguin, 1993, Arg. (in English). Of the 1953 edition. A guide to translations.
  • Základy kritiky politickej ekonómie: Rukopisy Grundrisse (Hrubý koncept: Ekonomické rukopisy z rokov 1857-1859), Bratislava: Pravda, 1974-75. (in Slovak)
  • Grundrids til kritik af den politiske økonomie, 6 vols., ed. Johannes Witt-Hansen, Copenhagen: Rhodes, 1974-78. (in Danish)
  • Grundrids til kritikken af den politiske økonomie, 4 vols., eds. Mihail Larsen and Hans-Jørgen Schanz, Aarhus: Modtryk, and Copenhagen: Kurasje, 1974-77. (in Danish)
  • Lineamenti fondamentali di critica dell'economia politica (Grundrisse), 2 vols., Torino: Einaudi, 1976. (in Italian)
  • Osnovi kritike političke ekonomije, trans. Mara Fran, in Marx and Engels, Dela, vols. 19-20, Belgrade: Institut za izučavanje radničkog pokreta/Prosveta, 1979. (in Serbo-Croatian)
  • Kritika politične ekonomije: 1857/58, Ljubljana: Delavska enotnost, 1985. (in Slovenian)
  • Grundrisse: Mabani naghdeh eghtessade siasi, trans. Bagher Parham and Ahmad Tadayon, Tehran: Entesharate Agah, 1985/87. (in Persian)
  • Economic Manuscripts of 1857-58 (First Version of Capital), in Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vols. 28-29, trans. Ernst Wangermann (28) and Victor Schnittke (29), London: Lawrence & Wishart, and New York: International Publishers, 1986/87, Arg, pt 1, Arg, pt 2. (in English). Of the 1976/81 edition.
  • 1986. (in Polish)
  • Vuosien 1857–1858 taloudelliset käsikirjoitukset (”Grundrisse”), 2 vols., trans. Antero Tiusanen, Moscow: Progress, 1986. (in Finnish)
  • Basikes Grammes tis Kritikis tis Politikis Oikonomias, Athens: Stochastis, 1989/90/92. (in Greek)
  • Grundrisse (Ekonomi Politiğin Eleştirisinin Temelleri. Ham Taslak, 1857-1858, Ankara: Sol Yayınları, 1999/2003. (in Turkish)
  • 2000. (in Korean)
  • Grundrisse. Elementos fundamentais para a critica da economia politica, 1857/1858, 2 vols., Rio de Janeiro: Contraponto, 2008. (in Portuguese).
  • Grundrisse. Lineamenti fondamentali della critica dell'economia politica, 2 vols., Milan: Pgreco, 2012. (in Italian)
  • Lineamenti fondamentali di critica dell'economia politica. Grundrisse', Rome: Manifestolibri, 2012. (in Italian)

• Zur Kritik der politischen Oekonomie, Berlin: Duncker, 1859, PMC; ed. Karl Kautsky, Stuttgart, 1897, BnF; 2nd ed., Stuttgart, 1903; 2nd ed., rev., ed. Karl Kautsky, Stuttgart, 1907, RSL; repr. in MEGA II/2: Ökonomische Manuskripte und Schriften, 1858–1861, 1980, 507 pp.
  • "Contribution à la critique de l'économie politique", in Oeuvres choisies, t. 1, Moscow: Progrès, 1900, pp 381-392, IA. (in French)
  • A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, trans. N.I. Stone, Chicago: Kerr, 1904, IA, IA, IA. (in English). Of the 2nd edition.
  • "Contribution à la critique de l'économie politique", trans. Laura Lafargue, Paris: V. Giard et E. Brière, 1909, WS. (in French). Of the 2nd edition.
  • Critique de l'économie politique, MIA. (in French)
  • Przyczynek do krytyki ekonomii politycznej, 1941. (in Polish)
  • Ke kritice politické ekonomie, trans. Vítězslav Provazník, Oldřich Šebek and Ladislav Štoll, Prague: SNPL, 1953, PDF, MIA. (in Czech). Of the 1934 Moscow/Leningrad edition.
  • 経済学批判, in 全集, 第１３, 1964. (in Japanese)
  • Kansantaloustieteen arvostelua, trans. Antero Tiusanen, Helsinki: Kansankulttuuri, 1970. (in Finnish)
  • A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, trans. S. W. Ryazanskaya, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1971. (in English)
  • Contribution à la critique de l'économie politique, Paris: Éditions sociales, 1972, 309 pp, PDF. (in French)
  • [Manuscript], in MEGA II/3.1-6: Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (Manuskript 1861–1863), 6 vols., 1976-82.
  • Contribución a la crítica de la economía política, trans. Marat Kuznetsov, Progreso, 1989, PDF. (in Spanish)

• Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Oekonomie, 3 vols., Hamburg 1867-94. [3]
  • Bd. 1, Der Produktionsprocess des Kapitals, Hamburg, 1867, DTA, IA, IA; 2nd ed., 1872, Goo; 3rd ed., Hamburg, 1888, IA, IA; 4th ed., Hamburg, 1890, IA; 5th ed., Hamburg, 1903, IA; 6th ed., Hamburg, 1909, RSL. 1st ed. repr. in MEGA II/5, Berlin: Dietz, 1983, 1092 pp, BBAW; 2nd ed. repr. in MEGA II/6, Berlin: Dietz, 1987, 1741 pp; 1883 ed. repr. in MEGA II/8, 1989, 1519 pp; 1890 ed. repr. in MEGA II/10, 1991, 1288 pp.
    • Le Capital, livre 1, trans. Joseph Roy, Paris: Lachâtre, 1872, WS; repr. in MEGA II/7, 1989. (in French). Of the first edition.
    • Capital, Vol. I: The Process of Production of Capital, trans. Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling, ed. Frederick Engels, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1887, Arg; rev. Ernest Untermann, New York: Modern Library, 1906, IA; Chicago: Kerr, 1906, IA; Vancouver, B.C.: Political Economy Club, 1919, IA; Chicago: Kerr, 1926, IA; repr. in Marx and Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 35, Lawrence & Wishart, 1996; 2010, 852 pp, Arg. (in English). Of the 3rd edition (1888), revised according to the 4th (1890).
    • Capital, Vol. 1: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production, trans. Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling, ed. Frederick Engels, London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1887, IA; London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1904, IA; New York: International Publishers, 1967, OL; repr. in MEGA II/9, 1990, 1183 pp. (in English)
    • Kapitál, Kritika politické ekonomie, Díl první: Výrobní proces kapitálu, trans. Theodor Šmeral, 3rd ed., Prague: SNPL, 1954, MIA. (in Czech)
    • 資本論, vol. 1, 1968. (in Japanese)
    • Pääoma. Kansantaloustieteen arvostelua. Osa 1: Pääoman tuotantoprosessi, trans. O. V. Louhivuori, T. Lehén, M. Ryömä, Moscow: Edistys, 1974. (in Finnish)
    • Le Capital, l. 1: Le développement de la production capitaliste, Paris: Sociales, 1977. (in French) MIA.
    • Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. 1, trans. Ben Fowkes, intro. Ernest Mandel, Harmondsworth: Penguin, and London: New Left Review, 1976; 1979; Penguin Classics, 1982, 1141 pp, Arg, IA. (in English)
    • Le Capital, l. 1, Le procès de production du capital, trans. & ed. J.‑P. Lefebvre, Paris: PUF, 1993. (in French)
    • Capital: An Abridged Edition, ed. David McLellan, Oxford University Press, Oxford World's Classics, 1995, EPUB.
  • Bd. 2, Der Circulationsprocess des Kapitals, unfinished manuscript, [1863-78]. Ed. Friedrich Engels, Hamburg: Meissner, 1885, IA, IA, IA, DTA, PMC; 2nd ed., rev., Hamburg, 1893, DJVU; 3rd ed., Hamburg, 1903, IA; 4th ed., Hamburg, 1910, RSL. Repr. in MEGA II/13, Berlin: Akademie, 2008, 800 pp, BBAW, [4].
    • Bd. 2, Der Circulationsprocess des Kapitals, manuscript ed. Friedrich Engels, Hamburg, 1884/85; repr. in MEGA II/12, Berlin: Akademie, 2005, 1329 pp, BBAW, [5].
    • Capital, Vol. II: The Process of Circulation of Capital, trans. I. Lasker, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1956, MIA. (in English)
    • Kapitál, Kritika politické ekonomie, Díl druhý, Kniha druhá: Proces oběhu kapitálu, 1885; Prague: SNPL, 1954, MIA. (in Czech)
    • Pääoma. Kansantaloustieteen arvostelua. Osa 2: Pääoman kiertokulkuprosessi, trans. Mauri Ryömä, Moscow: Edistys, 1974. (in Finnish)
    • Capital, Vol. 2, in Marx and Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 36, Lawrence & Wishart, 1997. (in English)
    • MEGA II/4.1: Ökonomische Manuskripte 1863–1867. Teil 1 (Manuskripte 1864/65 zum 1. und 2. Buch des „Kapital“, Vortrag „Value, price and profit“), 1988; 2nd ed., unchanged, 2011, 770 pp, BBAW.
    • MEGA II/4.2: Ökonomische Manuskripte 1863–1867. Teil 2 (Manuskript 1863/65 zum 3. Buch des „Kapital“), 1993; 2nd ed., unchanged, 2012, 1445 pp.
    • MEGA II/4.3: Ökonomische Manuskripte 1863–1867. Teil 3 (Manuskripte 186?-68 zum 2. und 3. Buch des „Kapital“), 2012, 1065 pp. [6]
    • MEGA II/11: Manuskripte zum zweiten Buch des „Kapitals“ 1868 bis 1881, Berlin: Akademie, 2008, 1850 pp, [7] [8].
    • Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. 2, trans. David Fernbach, intro. Ernest Mandel, Harmondsworth: Penguin, and London: New Left Review, 1978; Penguin Classics, 1992, 624 pp, Arg. (in English)
  • Bd. 3, Der Gesammtprocess der kapitalistischen Produktion, unfinished manuscript, [1863-83]. 2 vols., ed. Friedrich Engels, Hamburg: Meissner, 1894, DTA, pt 1, DTA, pt 2, PMC, pt 1, PMC, pt 2; 2nd ed., Hamburg, 1904, IA, pt 1, RSL, pt 2; repr. in MEGA II/15, Berlin: Akademie, 2004, 1420 pp, BBAW, [9].
    • Capital, Vol. III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole, New York: International Publishers, 1894; repr. Institute of Marxism-Leninism, 1959. (in English)
    • Le Capital - Livre troisième. Le procès d'ensemble de la production capitaliste. (in French) MIA.
    • Kapitál, Kritika politické ekonomie, Díl třetí, Kniha třetí: Celkový proces kapitalistické výroby, 1894; Prague: SNPL, 1956, MIA. (in Czech)
    • 資本論, vol. 3, 1968. (in Japanese)
    • Pääoma. Kansantaloustieteen arvostelua. Osa 3: Kapitalistisen tuotannon kokonaisprosessi, trans. Antero Tiusanen, Moscow: Edistys, 1976. (in Finnish)
    • Capital, Vol. 3, trans. David Fernbach, Harmondsworth: Penguin/New Left Review, 1981. (in English). Of the 1894 edition.
    • Capital, Vol. 3, in Marx and Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 37, Lawrence & Wishart, 1998. (in English)
    • MEGA II/14: Manuskripte und redaktionelle Texte zum dritten Buch des „Kapitals“, 1871 bis 1895, 2003, 1138 pp.
    • Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. 3, trans. David Fernbach, intro. Ernest Mandel, Harmondsworth: Penguin, and London: New Left Review, 1981; Penguin Classics, 1991, 1086 pp, Arg. (in English)
  • Bd. 4, unfinished manuscript. Partial edition ed. Karl Kautsky.
    • Capital, Vol. IV: Theories of Surplus Value, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1863, MIA. (in English)

More works online

Marxists' Internet Archive: Deutschsprachiger Teil, UB Heidelberg, MDZ Munich, DeutschesTextArchiv, UB Bielefeld, Wikisource, Zeno.org, Projekt Gutenberg-DE.

Marx & Engels Internet Archive, Internet Archive, Project Gutenberg (in English).

Collected writings

• Oeuvres choisies, 2 vols., Moscow: Progrès, 1900, IA, 1, IA, 2. (in French)
• Gesammelte Schriften von Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels, 1852 bis 1862, ed. N. Rjasanoff, trans. Luise Kautsky, Stuttgart: Dietz Nachf, 1917, IA, 1, IA, 2.
• K. Marks, F. Engels, Sochineniya [Сочинения], 2nd ed., 50 vols., Moscow: Politizdat, 1955-81, PDF/DJV-ZIP. (in Russian)
• Marx and Engels, Selected Works, 2 vols., Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1962. (in English)
• Marx and Engels on Religion, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972. (in English)
• Political Writings, 3 vols., ed. David Fernbach, New York: Random House/Vintage Books and Monthly Review Press, and London and Harmondsworth: Penguin Books and New Left Review, 1974. (in English)
• Early Writings, trans. Rodney Livingstone and Gregor Benton, New York: Random House/Vintage Books and Monthly Review Press, and London and Harmondsworth: Penguin Books and New Left Review, 1975. (in English)
• Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe [MEGA], Berlin, 1975-. [10] [11]
• Marx/Engels Collected Works [MECW], 50 vols., London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1975-2004, MIA. (in English)
• Selected Writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy, eds. T.B. Bottomore and M. Rubel, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984. (in English)

Bibliographies

• Regularly updated thematic bibliography of mainly English-language material. Compiled by Andrew Chitty, University of Sussex, England.
• Wikipedia.

See also

Marxist aesthetics

Links

• Marxists Internet Archive.
• Karl Marx / Friedrich Engels Papers at IISH.
• Portraits, IISH, MIA.
• Internationale Marx-Engels-Stiftung (IMES), est. 1990.