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rger and Tobias
Moorstedt (eds), *Big Data: Das neue Versprechen der Allwissenheit*
(Berlin: Suhrkamp, 2013).
[77](#c2-note-0077a){#c2-note-0077} This is one of the central tenets
of science and technology studies. See, for instance, Geoffrey C. Bowker
and Susan Leigh Star, *Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its
Consequences* (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999).
[78](#c2-note-0078a){#c2-note-0078} Sybille Krämer, *Symbolische
Maschinen: Die Idee der Formalisierung in geschichtlichem Abriß*
bowker in Tenen & Foxman 2014
on in the History of Sociotechnical Systems." In *Modernity
and Technology*, 185--225, 2003.
---------. "Y2K: Millennial Reflections on Computers as Infrastructure."
*History and Technology* 15, no. 1-2 (1998): 7--29.
Edwards, Paul N., Geoffrey C. Bowker, Steven J. Jackson, and Robin
Williams. "Introduction: an Agenda for Infrastructure Studies." *Journal
of the Association for Information Systems* 10, no. 5 (2009): 364--74.
Ernesto. "US P2P Lawsuit Shows Signs of a 'Pirate Honeypot'."
Technology. *
1:1--:5. SpringSim '08. San Diego, CA,
USA: Society for Computer Simulation International, 2008.
Shirky, Clay. *Here Comes Everybody: the Power of Organizing Without
Organizations*. New York: Penguin Press, 2008.
Star, Susan Leigh, and Geoffrey C. Bowker. "How to Infrastructure." In
*Handbook of New Media: Social Shaping and Social Consequences of ICTs*,
Updated Student Edition., 230--46. SAGE Publications Ltd, 2010.
Stuart, Mary. "Creating a National Library for the Workers' State: the
Public Libra
{.footnotereverse}]{#fn-2025-30}
31. [GIMEL/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=757.
[[↩](#fnref-2025-31)]{.footnotereverse}]{#fn-2025-31}
32. [In this sense, we see our work as complementary to but not
exhausted by infrastructure studies. See Geoffrey C. Bowker and
Susan Leigh Star, *Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its
Consequences* (The MIT Press, 1999); Paul N. Edwards, "Y2K:
Millennial Reflections on Computers as Infrastructure," *History and
Technology* 15.1-2 (1998): 7--29; Paul
ucture of Piracy,"
*Public Culture* 16.2 (2004): 289--314; Brian Larkin "Pirate
Infrastructures," in *Structures of Participation in Digital
Culture*, ed. Joe Karaganis (New York: SSRC, 2008), 74--87; Susan
Leigh Star and Geoffrey C. Bowker, "How to Infrastructure," in
*Handbook of New Media: Social Shaping and Social Consequences of
ICTs*, (SAGE Publications Ltd, 2010), 230--46.
[[↩](#fnref-2025-32)]{.footnotereverse}]{#fn-2025-32}
33. [For information on cryptographic ha
bowker in Thylstrup 2019
t is, the
“underlying rules of the world,” organized around glocal infrastructures.72
The infrapolitics of mass digitization is the building and living of
infrastructures, both as spaces of contestation and processes of
naturalization.
Geoffrey Bowker and Susan Leigh Star have argued that the establishment of
standards, categories, and infrastructures “should be recognized as the
significant site of political and ethical work that they are.”73 This applies
not least in the construction and dev
riefly links his notion of infrapolitics
to infrastructure, as the “cultural and structural underpinning of the more
visible political action on which our attention has generally been focused”;
Scott 2009, 184. 72. Mitropoulos 2012, 115. 73. Bowker and Star 1999, 319. 74.
Centre National de Ressource Textuelle et Lexicales,
etymological examination, see also Batt 1984, 1–6. 76. This is on account of
their malleability and
187. 78. Mitropoulos 2012, 117. 79. bility appears to be turning into a L. 2015. _Big Data, Little Data, No Data: Scholarship in the Networked World_. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. l Organization in the History of Sociotechnical Systems.” In _Modernity and Technology_ , eds. Thomas J. Misa, Philip Brey, and Andrew Feenberg. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Display 200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
ALL
characters around the word.
Edwards et al. 2012. 80. Peters 2015, at 31. 81. Beck 1996, 1–32, at 18;
Easterling 2014. 82. Adler-Nissen and Gammeltoft-Hansen 2008. 83. Holzer and
Mads 2003. 84. Star 1999, 377. 85. Ibid. 86. Bowker and Star 1999, 326. 87.
Peters 2015, 35. 88. Hardt and Negri 2009, 205. 89. Chun 2017. 90. As argued
by John Naughton at the _Negotiating Cultural Rights_ conference, National
Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark, November 13–14, 2015,
social theory. The extension of the concept of interoperability into the
social sphere naturally follows the socialization of another technical term:
infrastructure. In the past decades, Susan Leigh Star, Geoffrey Bowker, and
others have successfully managed to frame infrastructure “not only in terms of
human versus technological components but in terms of a set of interrelated
social, organizational, and technical components or systems (whether the data
will be sh
44. Bottando, Evelyn. 2012. _Hedging the Commons: Google Books, Libraries, and Open Access to Knowledge_. Iowa City: University of Iowa.
45. Bowker, Geoffrey C., Karen Baker, Florence Millerand, and David Ribes. 2010. “Toward Information Infrastructure Studies: Ways of Knowing in a Networked Environment.” In _The International Handbook of Internet Research_ , eds. Hunsinger Lisbeth Klastrup Jeremy and Matthew Allen. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.
46. Bowker, Geoffrey C, and Susan L. Star. 1999. _Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences_. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
47. Brin, Sergey. 2009. “A Library to Last Forever.” _New York Times_ , October 8.
104. Edwards, Paul N., Steven J. Jackson, Melissa K. Chalmers, Geoffrey C. Bowker, Christine L. Borgman, David Ribes, Matt Burton, and Scout Calvert. 2012. _Knowledge Infrastructures: Intellectual Frameworks and Research Challenges_. Report of a workshop sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the Sloan Foundation Univers