New Tendencies

Started by a group of Zagreb-based experimentators, Vjenceslav Richter, Ivan Picelj, Julije Knifer, Aleksandar Srnec, and others who founded Exat 51 group.

Have no direct succession. Their research was state sponsored. Mostly unpreserved objects and texts were researched for years, also by artist Darko Fritz who is to be praised for his dedicated work that saved these works, much before settling down the exhibition Bit International. Politically inspired by the utopianism of its programs, striving for non-alliance and separation from the mass (but never popular) style of art, this generation has introduced a wave of newness though it has staid forgotten for decades in cellars of the Museum not knowing how to deal with it at all. Future utopia of deliberation of a worker has desegregated in parts of robots none could put working again.

Commencing with an exhibition of Concrete and Constructive Art, Nove tendencije, in Zagreb, in 1961, the New Tendencies rapidly developed into a dynamic movement dedicated to 'visual research'. Around the mid 1960s, the New Tendencies triggered an international Op-Art-Boom, which was endorsed by participation in an exhibition entitled The Responsive Eye, at the New York MoMA, in 1965. However, success brought the New Tendencies no closer to its aims: the assertion of 'art as research' and the establishment of new forms of distribution beyond the art market, which should be accessible to everyman. The organizers of the New Tendencies decided to bring their strategy up-to-date and, in the summer of 1968, initiated in the context of the fourth exhibition, Tendencije 4, the program 'Computer and Visual Research'. In 1968 the movement decided to incorporate into its program the computer as a medium of artistic work so as to thereby assert its avantgarde claim and to contribute to the definition of a technology which, as one quite rightly presumed, would define the future of civilization. Until 1973 the supporting institution of the New Tendencies, the former Gallery of Contemporary Art Zagreb – today the Museum of Contemporary Art – had dedicated itself to artistic research by computer with a series of international exhibitions and symposia. At the peak of the Cold War artists and scientists throughout the world presented their work in Zagreb. The New Tendencies thus established a unique platform for the exchange of ideas and experiences from the area of art, the natural sciences and engineering. With the multi-lingual journal Bit international (1968-73, 9 numbers) Zagreb became a point of initiation for aesthetics and media-theoretical thought.

The organizers of the Zabrab Tendencies initially sought to consciously accompany and form the historical transition in which the computer was perceived as medium of artistic creation. They set computer generated works in relation to Constructive and Kinetic Art (1968/69) and to Concept Art (1973). The arts of the electronic media were not considered as an isolated phenomenon but rather incorporated into the history and discourse of fine-and performing arts.

Nove tendencije - New Tendencies, 1961

Nove tendencije - New Tendencies, August 3–September 14, 1961.
Exhibition, Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, Gallery for Contemporary Art, Zagreb.

Participating artists: Marc Adrian [AT] Alberto Biasi [IT] Enrico Castellani [IT] Ennio Chiggio [IT] Andreas Christen [CH] Toni Costa [IT] Piero Dorazio [IT] Karl Gerstner [CH] Gerard von Graevenitz [DE] Rudolf Kämmer [DE] Julije Knifer [HR (YU)] Edoardo Landi [IT] Julio Le Parc [AR/FR] Heinz Mack [DE] Piero Manzoni [IT] Manfredo Massironi [IT] Almir Mavignier [BR/DE] François Morellet [FR] Gotthart Müller [DE] Herbert Oehm [DE] Ivan Picelj [HR (YU)] Otto Piene [DE] Uli Pohl [DE] Dieter Rot [DE] Joël Stein [FR] Paul Talman [CH] Günther Uecker [DE] Marcel Wyss [CH] Walter Zehringer [DE].

http://www02.zkm.de/bit/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=23&Itemid=41

Nove tendencije 2 - New Tendencies 2, 1963

Nove tendencije 2 - New Tendencies 2, August 1–September 15, 1963
Exhibition, Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, Gallery for Contemporary Art, Zagreb.

Participating artists: Marc Adrian [AT] Getulio Alviani [IT] Vojin Bakić [HR (YU)] Martha Boto [AR/FR] Enrico Castellani [IT] Andreas Christen [CH] Toni Costa [CH] Cruz-Diez [VE/FR] Hugo Rodolfo Demarco [AR] Piero Dorazio [IT] Equipo 57 (Juan Cuenca, Ángel Duarte, José Duarte, Agustín Ibarrola, Juan Serrano [alle ES]) Héctor Garcia-Miranda [AR] Karl Gerstner [CH ] Gerard von Graevenitz [DE] Groupe de Recherche d’art Visuel (Julio Le Parc [AR/FR], François Morellet [FR], Garcia Rossi [AR], Francisco Sobrino[ES/FR], Joël Stein [FR], Yvaral [FR]) Gruppo N (Alberto Biasi [IT], Ennio Chiggio, Edoardo Landi, Manfredo Massironi [alle IT]) Gruppo T (Giovanni Anceschi, Davide Boriani, Gianni Colombo, Grazia Varisco, Gabriele De Vecchi [alle IT]) Dieter Hacker [DE] Rudolf Kämmer [DE] Julije Knifer [HR (YU)] Vlado Kristl [HR (YU)] Heinz Mack [DE] Enzo Mari [IT] Almir Mavignier [BR/DE] Gotthart Müller [DE] Herbert Oehm [DE] Henk Peeters [NL] Ivan Picelj [HR (YU)] Otto Piene [DE] Uli Pohl [DE] Karl Reinhartz [DE] Vjenceslav Richter [HR (YU)] Aleksandar Srnec [HR (YU)] Klaus Staudt [DE] Helge Sommerrock [DE] Miroslav Šutej [HR (YU)] Paul Talman [CH] Luis Tomasello [AR/FR] Günther Uecker [DE] Gregorio Vardanega [IT/AR/FR] Ludwig Wilding [DE] Walter Zehringer [DE].

http://www02.zkm.de/bit/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=42

Nova tendencija 3 - New Tendency 3, 1965

Nova tendencija 3 - New Tendency 3, August 13–October 3, 1965.
Exhibition, Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, Muzej za umjetnost i obrt, Gallery for Contemporary Art, Museum for Art and Work, Zagreb.

Participating artists: Marc Adrian [AT] Getulio Alviani [IT] Anonima Group (Ernst Benkert [US], Francis Hewitt [US], Edwin Mieczkowski [US]) Marina Apollonio [IT] Marianne Aue [NL] Hartmut Böhm [DE] Bonies (Bob Niewenhuis) [NL] Martha Boto [AR/FR] Gruppo Di Ricerca Cibernetica [IT] Inge Claus-Jansen [DE] Waldemar Cordeiro [IT/BR] Ivan Čižmek [HR (YU)] Dadamaino [IT] Juraj Dobrović [HR (YU)] Dvizheniye (Vladimir Petrovič Galkin Francisco Arana Infante Georgij Ivanovič Lopakov Lev Voldemarovič Nusberg, Viktor Vladimirovič Stepanov [alle RU (SU)] Effekt [DE] Gruppo N (Alberto Biasi, Manfredo Massironi [beide IT]) Equipo 57 (Juan Cuenca, Ángel Duarte, José Duarte, Agustin Ibarrola, Juan Serrano [alle ES]), Eronda [IT] Cam Estenfelder [DE] Karl Gerstner [CH/DE] Jürgen Graaf [DE] Gerard von Graevenitz [DE] Tom Hudson [GB] Reimer Jochims [DE] Rudolf Kaemmer [DE] Ed Kiënder [DE] Hans König-Klingenberg [DE] Edward Krasinski [PL] Bernard Lassus [FR] Lucia Di Luciano [IT] Wolfgang Ludwig [DE] Frank Joseph Malina [US] Kenneth Martin [GB] Gruppo MID [IT] François Morellet [FR] Bruno Munari [IT] Koloman Novak [HR/RS (YU)] Fedora Orebić [HR (YU)] Henk Peeters [NL] Helga Philip [AT] Ivan Picelj [HR (YU)] Otto Piene [DE] Giovanni Pizzo [IT] Lothar Quinte [DE] Vjenceslav Richter [HR (YU)] Bridget Riley [GB] Christian Roeckenschuss [DE] Dieter Rot [DE] Paolo Scheggi [IT] Turi Simeti [IT] Ed Sommer [DE] Klaus Staudt [DE] Zdeněk Sýkora [CZ] Sándor Szandaï [HU] Gruppo T (Giovanni Ancheschi , Davide Boriani, Gianni Colombo, Gabriele De Vecchi [alle IT]) Erwin Thorn [AT] Ivanhoe Trivulzio [IT] Gregorio Vardanega [IT/FR] Emilio Vedova [IT] Nanda Vigo [IT] herman de vries [NL] Ante Vulin [HR (YU)] Ludwig Wilding [DE].

http://www02.zkm.de/bit/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=43

Tendencije 4 - Tendency 4, 1968-69

Tendencije 4 - Tendency 4, 1968

Tendencije 4, Kompjutori i vizuelna istraživanja - Tendency 4, Computer and Visual Research, August 2–August 8, 1968.
Informational exhibition featuring computer graphics and programmed works, Centar za kulturu i informacije, Center for Culture and Information, Zagreb.
http://www02.zkm.de/bit/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=72&Itemid=93

Tendencije 4, Nove tendencije 4 - Tendencies 4, New Tendency 4, 1969

Tendencije 4, Nove tendencije 4 (Retrospektiva NT 1 - NT 3; Recentni primjeri vizuelnih istraživanja) - Tendencies 4, New Tendency 4 (Retrospective of NT 1—NT3, Latest Examples of Visual Research), May 5–June 30, 1969.
Exhibition, Muzej za umjetnost i obrt, Museum of Art and Work, Zagreb.
http://www02.zkm.de/bit/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73&Itemid=94

Artists participating in NT 4—Latest Examples of Research: Anonima Group (Ernst Benkert , Francis Hewitt, Edwin Mieczkowski [alle [US]) Marina Apollonio [IT] Art Research Centre (John F. Abbick, Peter Clapp, Nancy A. Stephens, Thomas Michael Stephens, Jon Brees Thogmartin [alle US], Philip J. Van Voorst [NL/US]) Otto Beckmann [RU (SU)/AT] Štefan Belohradský [SK (CZ)] Alberto Biasi [IT] Jiří Bielecki [CZ] Hartmut Böhm [DE] Alessandro Carlini [IT/DE] und Bernhard Schneider [DE] Boris Cikalovski [HR (YU)] Inge Claus-Jansen [DE] Gianni Colombo [IT/DE] Waldemar Cordeiro [IT/BR] Jarmila Cihankova [CZ] Dadamaino [IT] Milan Dobeš [SK (CZ)] Juraj Dobrović [HR (YU)] Angel Duarte [ES/CH] Herbert W. Franke [DE] Bruno Gambone [IT] Karl Gerstner [CH/DE] Rolf Glasmeier [DE] Hans Jörg Glattfelder [CH/IT] Hein Gravenhorst [DE] Dieter Hacker [DE] John Gabriel Harries [GB/IL] Axel Heibel [DE] Jiří Hilmar [CZ] Gottfried Jäger [DE] Reimer Jochims [DE] Wohl Kahlen [DE] Rudolf Kämmer [DE] Tamara Klimova [SK (CZ)] Radoslav Kratina [CZ] Richard Kriesche [AT] Edoardo Landi [IT] Wolfgang Ludwig [DE] Max Hermann Mahlmann [DE] und Gudrun Mahlmann-Piper [JP/DE] Gruppo MID [IT] Marcello Morandini [IT] Maurizio Nannucci [IT] Koloman Novak [HR (YU)/AT] Luigi Pezzato [IT] Helga Philip [AT] Ivan Picelj [HR (YU)] Otto Piene [DE] Zoran Radović [RS (YU)] Karl Reinhartz [DE] Gruppo Richerche Cibernetiche (Vittorio D’Augusta, Eugenio Lombardini, Flavio Casade, Pino Parini, Giorgio Scarpa, Giulio Tedioli, Antonio Valmaggi [alle IT]) Vjenceslav Richter [HR (YU)] Bernhard Sandfort [DE] Paolo Scheggi [IT] Aleksandar Srnec [HR (YU)] Klaus Staudt [DE] Josef Herman Stiegler [AT] Sándor Szandaï [HU] Luis Tomasello [AR/FR] Jorrit Tornquist [AT] Miloš Urbásek [SK (CZ)] Grazia Varisco [IT] Gabriele De Vecchi [IT] herman de vries [NL]

Tendencies 4, Computer and Visual Research, 1969

Tendencies 4, Computer and Visual Research, May 5–August 30, 1969.
Exhibition, Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, Gallery of Contemporary Art, Zagreb.

Participating artists: Kurd Alsleben [DE] / Cord Passow [DE] Ars intermedia (Otto Beckmann [RU (SU)/AT] / Alfred Grassl [AT]) und Alfred Grassl [AT] Vladimir Bonačić [HR (YU)] California Computer Products (Kerry Strand, Larry Jenkins, Doyle Cavin, Dee Hudson, Jane Moon [alle US]) Compos 68 (Jan Baptist Bedaux, Jeroen Clausman, Arthur Veen [alle NL]) Waldemar Cordeiro [IT/BR] Charles Csuri [US] Darel D. Eschbach [US] Willam Allan Fetter [US] Alan Mark France [GB] David R. Garrison [US] Jens Harke [DE] Leon D. Harmon und Kenneth C. Knowlton [beide US] Hiroshi Kawano [JP] Auro Lecci [IT] Robert Mallary [US] Gustav Metzger [DE/GB] (mit D. E. Evans, Beverly Rowe und R. J. Stibbs [alle GB]) Leslie Mezei [HU/CA] Petar Milojević [RS (YU) / CA] Frieder Nake [DE/CA] Georg Nees [DE] A. Michael Noll [US] Michael Palyka [US] Ivan Picelj [HR (YU)] Rechenzentrum des Instituts Boris Kidrič, Vinča [RS (YU)] Manfred Robert Schroeder [DE/US] Lloyd Quinton Summer [US] Alan Sutcliffe [GB] Zdeněk Sýkora [CZ] Evan Harris Walker [US] Edward Zajec [IT/ US]

Tendencije 4 - Tendencies 4, 1969

Tendencije 4, Izložba publikacija i knjiga - Tendencies 4, Exhibition of Publications and Books, May 6–August 30, 1969
ISIP - Internacionalna stalna izložba publikacija, permanent exhibition of international publications, Zagreb.

Tendencije 5 - Tendencies 5, 1973

Tendencije 5 (Konstruktivna vizuelna istraživanja; Kompjuterska vizuelna istraživanja; Konceptualna umjetnost) - Tendencies 5 (Constructive Visual Research, Computer Visual Research, Conceptual Art), June 1–July 1, 1973.
Exhibition, Organized by the Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, Gallery of Contemporary Art, Zagreb. Tehnički muzej, Technical Museum, Zagreb.

Participating artists:

Constructive Visual Research: Vojin Bakić [HR (YU)] Milan Dobeš [SK (CZ)] Juraj Dobrović [HR (YU)] Julije Knifer [HR (YU)] Julio Le Parc [AR/FR] Enzo Mari [IT] Almir Mavignier [BR/DE] François Morellet [FR] Koloman Novak [HR/RS (YU)] Lev Voldemarovič Nusberg [RU (SU)] Zoran Radović [RS (YU)] Vjenceslav Richter [HR (YU)] Jesus Raphael Soto [VE/FR] Aleksandar Srnec [HR (YU)] Miroslav Šutej [HR (YU)] Victor Vasarely [FR]

Visual Research on Computer: Jose Luis Alexanco [ES] Manuel Barbadillo [ES] Otto Beckmann [AT] Oskar Beckmann [AT] Vladimir Bonačić [HR (YU)] Waldemar Cordeiro [IT/BR] Gerardo Delgado [ES] Fanie Dupré [FR] Jacques Dupré [FR] Winfried Fischer [DE] Herbert W. Franke [DE] David R. Garrison [US] Jose Luis Gomez Perales [ES] Jean-Claude Halgand [FR] Grace C. Hertlein [US] Miljenko Horvat [HR (YU)/CA] Hervé Huitric [FR] Sture Johannesson und Sten Kallin [beide SE] Auro Lecci [IT] Jean-Claude Marquette [FR] MBB Computer Graphics (Frank Böttger, Winfried Fischer, Sylvia Roubaud und Gerold Weiss, Johann Willsberger, Rolf Wölk [alle DE], Aron Warszawski [ISR/DE]) Tomislav Mikulić [?] Manfred Mohr [DE/FR] Monique Nahas [FR] Georg Nees [DE] Sergej Pavlin [SI (YU)] Manuel Quejido [ES] Ludwig Rase [DE] Lillian Schwartz [US] Ana und Javier Seguí [ES] John Whitney [US] Edward Zajec [IT] Anton Zöttl [DE] Vilko Žiljak. [HR (YU)]

Conceptual Art: Anonymous Collective [HU] Giovanni Anselmo [IT] John Baldessari [US] Angelo Bozzolla [IT/GB] Daniel Buren [FR] Radomir Damnjanović-Damnjan [RS (YU)] Antonio Dias [BR/IT] Braco Dimitrijević [HR (YU)] Barry Flanagan [GB] Iannis Kounellis [GR/IT] Douglas Huebler [US] László Kerekes [RS (YU)] Sol LeWitt [US] Slavko Matković [RS (YU)] Giulio Paolini [IT] Giuseppe Penone [IT] Reiner Ruthenbeck [DE] Howard Selina [GB] László Szalma [RS (YU)] Bálint Szombathy [RS (YU)] Ilija Šoškić [ME (YU)] Goran Trbuljak [HR (YU)].

http://www02.zkm.de/bit/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=45

Colloquia, Symposia

1962
November 3, 1962
New Tendencies artists meet at the studio of the Groupe de Recherche d' Art Visuel (GRAV), Paris

1965
August 18, 1965
Participants in NT3 meet
Castle Brezovica, Brezovica, near Zagreb

1968
May 1968 (probably)
Jury meeting

August 3–4, 1968
Tendencies 4, Computer and Visual Research
Colloquium and exhibition of publications on the same theme
Centar za kulturu i informacije, Center for Culture and Information, Zagreb

1969
January 10–12, 1969
Tendencies 4, Computer and Visual Research
Informational seminar
Organized in cooperation with the Yugoslavian section of the AICA (Association Internationale de Critique d'Art)
Centar za kulturu i informacije, Center for Culture and Information, Zagreb

May 5–6, 1969
Tendencies 4, Computer and Visual Research
International symposion
Radničko sveučilište Moša Pijade, Moša Pijade Workers' University, Zagreb

1971
June 26–27, 1971
Art and Computers 71
Colloquium
Radničko sveučilište Moša Pijade, Moša Pijade Workers' University Zagreb

1973
June 2, 1973
Tendenzen 5 – The rational and irational in visual research today - Match of ideas
Symposion at the AICA Congress (Association Internationale de Critique d'Art)
Hotel Esplanade, Zagreb

1978
October 13–14, 1978
Tendencies 6
International symposion
Centar za kulturu i informacije, Center for Culture and Information, Zagreb

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