Difference between revisions of "Media ecology"
(25 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
==Literature== | ==Literature== | ||
− | * Matthew Fuller, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=56 Media Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and Technoculture]'', 2005. | + | * Matthew Fuller, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=56 Media Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and Technoculture]'', MIT Press, 2005. |
− | * | + | * Jussi Parikka, [http://www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=500 "The Universal Viral Machine: Bits, Parasites and the Media Ecology of Network Culture"], ''CTheory'', 15 December 2005. |
− | * Erich Hörl, [http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/ifm/_downloads/hoerl/hoerl_thousandecologies_katalog.pdf "A Thousand Ecologies: The Process of Cyberneticization and General Ecology"], trans. Jeffrey Kirkwood, James Burton, and Maria Vlotides, in ''The Whole Earth. California and the Disappearance of the Outside'', eds. Diedrich Diederichsen and Anselm Franke, Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2013, pp 121-130. | + | * Jussi Parikka, [http://www.ephemerajournal.org/sites/default/files/7-2parikka.pdf "Contagion and Repetition: On the Viral Logic of Network Culture"], ''ephemera'' 7:2 (2007), pp 287-308. |
− | * | + | * Jussi Parikka, ''Digital Contagions: A Media Archaeology of Computer Viruses'', New York: Peter Lang, 2007. [http://www.medientheorie.com/doc/archaeologie/parikka_digital%20contagions.pdf Conclusion], [http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=46484]. |
+ | * Luciana Parisi, "Technoecologies of Sensation", in ''[http://scribd.com/doc/80829934 Deleuze | Guattari & Ecologies]'', ed. Bernd Herzogenrath, New York: Palgrave, 2009, pp 182-199. | ||
+ | * Mark B. N. Hansen, "System-Environment Hybrids", in ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=9876 Emergence and Embodiment: New Essays on Second-Order Systems Theory]'', eds. Mark B. N. Hansen and Bruce Clarke, Duke University Press, 2009, pp 113-142. | ||
+ | * Jussi Parikka, ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=FC63B9B2EF00638A1D1F1D919F456C54 Insect Media: An Archaeology of Animals and Technology]'', Minnesota University Press, 2010, 320 pp. | ||
+ | * Bernard Stiegler, Frédéric Neyrat, [http://www.parrhesiajournal.org/parrhesia14/parrhesia14_stiegler.pdf "Interview: From Libidinal Economy to the Ecology of the Spirit"], ''Parrhesia'' 14 (2012), pp 9-15. | ||
+ | * Erich Hörl, [https://www.cairn.info/revue-multitudes-2012-4-page-74.htm "Le nouveau paradigme écologique. Pour une écologie générale des techniques et des medias"], trans. Guillaume Plas, ''Multitudes'' 51 (2012), pp 74-85. [http://www.multitudes.net/le-nouveau-paradigme-ecologique/] {{fr}} | ||
+ | * Erich Hörl, "Tausend Ökologien. Der Prozess der Kybernetisierung und die Allgemeine Ökologie", in ''The Whole Earth. Kalifornien und das Verschwinden des Außen'', eds. Diedrich Diederichsen and Anselm Franke, Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2013, pp 121-130. {{de}} | ||
+ | ** [http://web.archive.org/web/20160527103348/https://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/ifm/_downloads/hoerl/hoerl_thousandecologies_katalog.pdf "A Thousand Ecologies: The Process of Cyberneticization and General Ecology"], trans. Jeffrey Kirkwood, James Burton, and Maria Vlotides, in ''The Whole Earth. California and the Disappearance of the Outside'', eds. Diedrich Diederichsen and Anselm Franke, Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2013, pp 121-130. [https://academia.edu/7484844/] {{en}} | ||
+ | * Stephen Rust, Salma Monani, Sean Cubitt (eds.), ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5AF3C4663813728A4039D2243BADFF39 Ecomedia: Key Issues]'', Routledge, 2015. {{en}} | ||
+ | * Tim Barker, Conor McKeown, [http://sci-hub.st/10.14361/dcs-2015-0103 "Unearthing Techno-Ecology: On the Possibility of a Technical Media Philosophy of Ecology"], ''Digital Culture & Society'' 1:1, Oct 2015, pp 21-38. {{en}} | ||
+ | * ''Zeitschrift für Medienwissenschaft'' 14: "Medienökologien", eds. Petra Löffler and Florian Sprenger, Zurich: diaphanes, 2016, 192 pp. [http://zfmedienwissenschaft.de/heft/archiv/14-2016-medien%C3%B6kologien] [http://www.diaphanes.de/titel/zeitschrift-fuer-medienwissenschaft-14-3380] {{de}} | ||
+ | * Nicole Starosielski, Janet Walker (eds.), ''[https://aaaaarg.fail/thing/5be94a1a9ff37c5cf4622bdf Sustainable Media: Critical Approaches to Media and Environment]'', Routledge, 2016, 310 pp. [https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315794877] | ||
+ | * Erich Hörl, James Burton (eds.), ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=19154 General Ecology: The New Ecological Paradigm]'', Bloomsbury Academic, 2017, xv+384 pp. [http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/general-ecology/] {{en}} | ||
+ | * Sy Taffel, ''[http://library.memoryoftheworld.org/#/book/195c7b89-01c1-4316-a185-d7bde2ff6a58 Digital Media Ecologies: Entanglements of Content, Code and Hardware]'', Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. {{en}} | ||
; On art and ecology | ; On art and ecology | ||
Line 39: | Line 52: | ||
* Sam Bower, [http://www.greenmuseum.org/generic_content.php?ct_id=306 "A Profusion of Terms"], 2010. | * Sam Bower, [http://www.greenmuseum.org/generic_content.php?ct_id=306 "A Profusion of Terms"], 2010. | ||
+ | [[Image:Haeckel_Ernst_1866_Oecologie.jpg|thumb|350px|Excerpt from Haeckel's definition of ecology, 1866. [http://archive.org/stream/generellemorphol02haec#page/286/mode/2up View online].]] | ||
+ | [[Image:Uexkuell_Jakob_von_Streifzuge_durch_die_Umwelten_von_Tieren_und_Menschen.jpg|thumb|350px|Jakob von Uexküll, ''Streifzüge durch die Umwelten von Tieren und Menschen'', [1934] 1958. [http://monoskop.org/log/?p=14044 Download].]] | ||
; Primary references | ; Primary references | ||
− | * Ernst Haeckel, ''Generelle Morphologie der Organismen'', Berlin, 1866. (in | + | * Ernst Haeckel, ''[http://archive.org/details/generellemorphol02haec Generelle Morphologie der Organismen, Bd. 2]'', Berlin: G. Reimer, 1866, 574 pp. {{de}} Coins the term ''ecology'' [Oecologie]: "Unter Oecologie [οἶκος, der Haushalt, die Lebensbeziehungen] verstehen wir die gesammte Wissenschaft von den Beziehungen des Organismus zur umgebenden Aussenwelt, wohin wir im weiteren Sinne alle 'Existenz-Bedingungen' rechnen können. Diese sind theils organischer, theils anorganischer Natur; sowohl diese als jene sind, wie wir vorher gezeigt haben, von der grössten Bedeutung für die Form der Organismen, weil sie dieselbe zwingen, sich ihnen anzupassen. [..] Die Descendenz-Theorie erklärt uns also die Haushalts-Verhältnisse der Organismen mechanisch, als die nothwendingen Folgen wirkender Ursachen, und bildet somit die monistische Grundlage der Oecologie." [http://archive.org/stream/generellemorphol02haec#page/286/mode/2up (pp 286-7)]. English trans.: "By ecology [οἶκος, household or housekeeping, living relations], we mean the whole science of the relations of the organism to the environment including, in the broad sense, all the ''conditions of existence''. These are partly organic, partly inorganic in nature; both, as we have shown, are of the greatest significance for the form of organisms, for they force them to become adapted. [..] Thus the theory of evolution explains the housekeeping relations of organisms mechanistically as the necessary consequences of effectual causes and so forms the monistic groundwork of ecology" [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2816117 (Stauffer 1957:140-1)]. |
− | * Gregory Bateson, ''Steps to an Ecology of Mind'', 1972. Formulates the concept of the ''three ecologies'': three interconnected networks existing at the scales of mind, society and the environment. | + | |
− | * Félix Guattari, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=607 Les trois écologies]'', Paris: Galilée, 1989, 74 pp. | + | * Jakob von Uexküll, ''[[Media:Uexkuell_Jakob_von_Streifzuge_durch_die_Umwelten_von_Tieren_und_Menschen_Ein_Bilderbuch_unsichtbarer_Welten.pdf|Streifzüge durch die Umwelten von Tieren und Menschen: Ein Bilderbuch unsichtbarer Welten]]'', Berlin: J. Springer, 1934, 102 pp; [[Media:Uexkuell_Jakob_von_Streifzuge_durch_die_Umwelten_von_Tieren_und_Menschen_Ein_Bilderbuch_unsichtbarer_Welten_1956.pdf|repr.]], Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1956, 182 pp; 1958; 1962; Frankfurt am Main: S.Fischer, 1970, 206 pp. Illustrated by Georg Kriszat. {{de}} |
− | + | ** [[Media:Uexkuell_Jakob_von_A_Stroll_Through_the_Worlds_of_Animals_and_Men_A_Picture_Book_of_Invisible_Worlds.pdf|"A Stroll Through the Worlds of Animals and Men: A Picture Book of Invisible Worlds"]], in ''Instinctive Behavior: The Development of a Modern Concept'', ed. & trans. Claire H. Schiller, New York: International Universities Press, 1957, pp 5-80; [[Media:Uexkuell_Jakob_von_A_Stroll_Through_the_Worlds_of_Animals_and_Men_A_Picture_Book_of_Invisible_Worlds_1992.pdf|repr. in]] ''Semiotica'' 89:4 (1992), pp 319-391. | |
− | ** ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=607 The Three Ecologies]'', trans. Ian Pindar and Paul Sutton, London: Athlone Press, 2000, 174 pp. | + | ** ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=14044 A Foray into the Worlds of Animals and Humans, with A Theory of Meaning]'', trans. Joseph D. O’Neil, University of Minnesota Press, 2010, 272 pp. |
+ | ** [[Uexkull#Uexkull1934|more translations]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Gregory Bateson, ''[[Media:Bateson_Gregory_Steps_to_an_Ecology_of_Mind.pdf|Steps to an Ecology of Mind]]'', San Francisco: Chandler, 1972, 542 pp; Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1987. Formulates the concept of the ''three ecologies'': three interconnected networks existing at the scales of mind, society and the environment. Whereas Darwin's theory of natural selection argued that "the unit of survival was either the family line or the species or subspecies", Bateson argues that "the unit of survival is organism plus environment. We are learning by bitter experience that the organism which destroys its environment destroys itself." He concludes that "the unit of evolutionary survival turns out to be identical with the unit of mind. Formerly we tlought of a hierarchy of taxa - individual, family line, subspecies,species, etc. - as units of survival. We now see a different hierarchy of units - gene-in-organism, organism-in-environment, ecosystem, etc. Ecology, in the widest sense, turns out to be the study of the interaction and survival of ideas and programs (ie., differences, complexes of differences, etc.) in circuits." (taken from Guattari 2000:70) | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Félix Guattari, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=607 Les trois écologies]'', Paris: Galilée, 1989, 74 pp. {{fr}} Guattari expands Bateson's concept: "nature cannot be separated from culture; in order to comprehend the interactions between eco-systems, the mechanosphere and the social and individual Universes of reference, we must learn to think 'transversally'" (2000:43). | ||
+ | ** ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=607 The Three Ecologies]'', trans. Ian Pindar and Paul Sutton, London: Athlone Press, 2000, 174 pp. {{en}} | ||
+ | ** [[Guattari#Guattari1989|more translations]] | ||
==Resources== | ==Resources== | ||
− | * | + | * [http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~infoarts/links/wilson.artlinks2.bio.html "Ecology"] in the intersections of art, technology, science and culture, compiled by [[Stephen Wilson]]. See also the section [http://userwww.sfsu.edu/infoarts/links/wilson.artlinks2.physics.html "Natural phenomena"]. |
− | * http://www.greenmuseum.org | + | * [http://furtherfield.org/programmes/media-art-ecologies Media Art Ecologies] programme at Furtherfield. |
− | + | * [http://www.greenmuseum.org Greenmuseum.org] uses "environmental art" as an umbrella term to encompass "eco-art" / "ecological art", "ecoventions", "land art", "earth art", "earthworks", "art in nature" and even a few other less-common terms. | |
+ | |||
+ | ==See also== | ||
+ | [[Sonic ecology]], [[Sensory ethnography]] | ||
− | {{ | + | {{Humanities}} |
+ | {{featured_article}} |
Latest revision as of 15:08, 4 October 2023
Contents
Pages[edit]
Definitions[edit]
Matthew Fuller, Media Ecologies, 2005[edit]
(emphasis added)
- From Joel Slayton's foreword
Media ecology is a very slippery term. It is often used to refer to both an interlaced topological analysis of media objects, as an environ, as well as an accounting of their function. It can also be an address of the materiality and immateriality of media objects, devices, and systems in terms of their form as both pattern and presence including the relative nature of their function. The term also refers to the multiplicity of meanings associative to the constituent binding relations of information objects contained within the ecology, its language. And, as Matthew Fuller illuminates, media ecology is also a descriptor of the parallel histories and affordances of context. Within the multiplicities of these ecologies, complexity reigns supreme. Nonlinear, selforganizational, and transpositional systems behavior combine autopoietically at the intersection of media collisions.
Complementing Manuel De Landa’s reading of the phase space model and Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s poetics of the machinic phylum, Fuller directs our attention toward aesthetics of layering composed of multiple relations of media dimensionality. These are dimensionalities operating as self-referencing structures that cooperate to produce something in excess of themselves and emerge in new structures of political, material, and aesthetic combination.
- From Fuller's introduction
The term media ecology is used and in circulation in a number of ways [..earliest use of the term that I have noticed is an intriguing short article in the form of a set of notes in a magazine of experimental video, Radical Software. Raymond Arlo, "Media Ecology", Radical Software 1:3 (Spring 1971), p 19.] [..]
"Media ecology,” or more often “information ecology,” is deployed as a euphemism for the allocation of informational roles in organizations and in computer-supported collaborative work. Commonly, it is used as a saccharine term for the “natural” structuring of the microscopic to macroscopic dimensions of class composition and command in a workforce. On the one hand, this is done on a mundane level, such as in the ordering and management of reception staff within an organization, making sure they have the location, communications filter-rating, and availability of all other staff at their fingertips. Of keen interest too in such contexts is how information flows are routed within an organization. So the term often also implies an interrelationship with knowledge and time management processes, intellectual property regimes, database and software design, content control, access structuring, metadata, archiving, and the use and generation of new document and information types. A third, and related current is how auditing processes and “quality control” extend through informationalization into greater parts of contemporary work-patterns. In other words, the terms “media ecology” and “information ecology” are highly susceptible to interpretation as part of the jargon effluvia of the early twenty-first century. Underlying these terms, however, are key discussions about the development, contestation, and invention of life in the present day. Some of these issues will be discussed here, but somewhat at a tangent to the refrain of life, as a subset of a larger enterprise opportunity in which they are often found.
In a related sense, in that there is something of a shared predisposition to an uncomplicated but rather more spiritually troubled technological determinism, is another use of the term by a current surrounding media commentor and educationalist Neil Postman [1]. Here, “media ecology” describes a kind of environmentalism: using a study of media to sustain a relatively stable notion of human culture. The intellectual background of this current includes Marshall McLuhan, Lewis Mumford, Harold Innis, Walter Ong, and Jacques Ellul—a vivid set of resources. Here, “ecology” is more usually replaced with the term “environment” or is used as a cognate term where the fundamental difference between the two concepts is glossed over. Echoing differences in life sciences and in various Green political movements, “environmentalism” possesses a sustaining vision of the human and wants to make the world safe for it. Such environmentalism also often suggests that there has passed, or that there will be reached, a state of equilibrium: that there is a resilient and harmonic balance to be achieved with some ingenious and beneficent mix of media. Ecologists focus rather more on dynamic systems in which any one part is always multiply connected, acting by virtue of those connections, and always variable, such that it can be regarded as a pattern rather than simply as an object. At times there is certainly an overlap of interests between this book and this current, particularly in attempts to investigate how media can be said to have certain kinds of causality. However, as with the business-oriented discussions of media and information management, much of the work in this second current is rather too often symptomatic of other, more fundamental shifts in cultural modes: how much longer until the ever-awaited fall of the book? Instead of providing a sing-along chorus to these changes, as the first current does for those parts of life falling under the regime of economics, the latter seeks too often only to trace them with the properly cultivated kind of detached horror. Their conceptual resources, however, have more to offer.
A third strand of use of the term is discernible in some of the most interesting parts of literary studies in recent decades in, for instance, the writings of Katherine Hayles [How We Became Posthuman, 1999; Writing Machines, 2002], Friedrich Kittler [Discourse Networks 1800/1900, 1990], and others such as the critic and editor Joseph Tabbi [2]. These representatives of a thread of study in which literature becomes a part of a subset of media, and thus of discursive storage, calculation, and transmission systems, have fundamental insights to offer. Such work makes electronic or code-based logical composition and a developed theorization of interaction come into play with cultural analysis and production. Of particular use too is such work’s discussion of domains usually roped off as science, its varied histories and philosophies. Such work also often serves to complicate and open up the possibilities to be found in the second thread. The interrelation of Kittler and McLuhan—despite the former’s amused anticipation of the moment when man is occluded and finally ignored by his “extensions”—is clear, for instance. Where these thinkers gain perceptual and methodological power is in the introduction of, broadly speaking, poststructuralist concerns to the fundamentally humanistic, or even intrinsically religious, concerns of the “environmental” approach. It must be said, however, that here the specific term “media ecologies” is used largely either as an aside, or more precisely as something already accessible as a known object of reference. The context of this writing is to take this named thing, to take advantages of this reference in circulation, a scrap of phrase or conceptwrapper, and to make use of it, but also to test it and, one hopes, to extend its precision.
A key reference in doing so will be to make use of a sense in which the term ecology has also been extended in texts by Félix Guattari working among social movements that have themselves made such links. It will be clear from a scan of this book that Guattari, his serial collaborator Gilles Deleuze, as well as writers who have made their own uses of their work, such as Manuel De Landa and Howard Slater, provide a persistent thread of reference. Guattari himself derives a great deal of conceptual ground from the cybernetician and anthropologist Gregory Bateson. Guattari’s use of the term ecology is worth noting here, first, because the stakes he assigns to media are rightly perceived as being profoundly political or ethico-aesthetic at all scales. Aligning such political processes with creative powers of invention that demand “laboratories of thought and experimentation for future forms of subjectivation” also poses a demand for the inventive rigor with which life among media must be taken up. Equally, Guattari’s repeated linkage and cross-fertilization of the three modes, “mental,” “natural,” and “social” of ecology within “ecosophy” provides insight into the way that any of these or other modes of an ecology always demand carrying over into another mode, another universe of reference, and always another, in order for these laboratories, whether in texts, persons, movements, or at other scales, to have any function.
Literature[edit]
- Matthew Fuller, Media Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and Technoculture, MIT Press, 2005.
- Jussi Parikka, "The Universal Viral Machine: Bits, Parasites and the Media Ecology of Network Culture", CTheory, 15 December 2005.
- Jussi Parikka, "Contagion and Repetition: On the Viral Logic of Network Culture", ephemera 7:2 (2007), pp 287-308.
- Jussi Parikka, Digital Contagions: A Media Archaeology of Computer Viruses, New York: Peter Lang, 2007. Conclusion, [3].
- Luciana Parisi, "Technoecologies of Sensation", in Deleuze | Guattari & Ecologies, ed. Bernd Herzogenrath, New York: Palgrave, 2009, pp 182-199.
- Mark B. N. Hansen, "System-Environment Hybrids", in Emergence and Embodiment: New Essays on Second-Order Systems Theory, eds. Mark B. N. Hansen and Bruce Clarke, Duke University Press, 2009, pp 113-142.
- Jussi Parikka, Insect Media: An Archaeology of Animals and Technology, Minnesota University Press, 2010, 320 pp.
- Bernard Stiegler, Frédéric Neyrat, "Interview: From Libidinal Economy to the Ecology of the Spirit", Parrhesia 14 (2012), pp 9-15.
- Erich Hörl, "Le nouveau paradigme écologique. Pour une écologie générale des techniques et des medias", trans. Guillaume Plas, Multitudes 51 (2012), pp 74-85. [4] (French)
- Erich Hörl, "Tausend Ökologien. Der Prozess der Kybernetisierung und die Allgemeine Ökologie", in The Whole Earth. Kalifornien und das Verschwinden des Außen, eds. Diedrich Diederichsen and Anselm Franke, Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2013, pp 121-130. (German)
- "A Thousand Ecologies: The Process of Cyberneticization and General Ecology", trans. Jeffrey Kirkwood, James Burton, and Maria Vlotides, in The Whole Earth. California and the Disappearance of the Outside, eds. Diedrich Diederichsen and Anselm Franke, Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2013, pp 121-130. [5] (English)
- Stephen Rust, Salma Monani, Sean Cubitt (eds.), Ecomedia: Key Issues, Routledge, 2015. (English)
- Tim Barker, Conor McKeown, "Unearthing Techno-Ecology: On the Possibility of a Technical Media Philosophy of Ecology", Digital Culture & Society 1:1, Oct 2015, pp 21-38. (English)
- Zeitschrift für Medienwissenschaft 14: "Medienökologien", eds. Petra Löffler and Florian Sprenger, Zurich: diaphanes, 2016, 192 pp. [6] [7] (German)
- Nicole Starosielski, Janet Walker (eds.), Sustainable Media: Critical Approaches to Media and Environment, Routledge, 2016, 310 pp. [8]
- Erich Hörl, James Burton (eds.), General Ecology: The New Ecological Paradigm, Bloomsbury Academic, 2017, xv+384 pp. [9] (English)
- Sy Taffel, Digital Media Ecologies: Entanglements of Content, Code and Hardware, Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. (English)
- On art and ecology
- Nohra Corredor, "What is Ecological Video Art?", 2006.
- Keith M. Armstrong "'Grounded Media': Expanding the Scope of Ecological Art Practices within New Media Arts Culture", Media-Space Journal 1 (2008).
- Sam Bower, "A Profusion of Terms", 2010.
![](/images/thumb/0/02/Haeckel_Ernst_1866_Oecologie.jpg/350px-Haeckel_Ernst_1866_Oecologie.jpg)
![](/images/thumb/7/72/Uexkuell_Jakob_von_Streifzuge_durch_die_Umwelten_von_Tieren_und_Menschen.jpg/350px-Uexkuell_Jakob_von_Streifzuge_durch_die_Umwelten_von_Tieren_und_Menschen.jpg)
- Primary references
- Ernst Haeckel, Generelle Morphologie der Organismen, Bd. 2, Berlin: G. Reimer, 1866, 574 pp. (German) Coins the term ecology [Oecologie]: "Unter Oecologie [οἶκος, der Haushalt, die Lebensbeziehungen] verstehen wir die gesammte Wissenschaft von den Beziehungen des Organismus zur umgebenden Aussenwelt, wohin wir im weiteren Sinne alle 'Existenz-Bedingungen' rechnen können. Diese sind theils organischer, theils anorganischer Natur; sowohl diese als jene sind, wie wir vorher gezeigt haben, von der grössten Bedeutung für die Form der Organismen, weil sie dieselbe zwingen, sich ihnen anzupassen. [..] Die Descendenz-Theorie erklärt uns also die Haushalts-Verhältnisse der Organismen mechanisch, als die nothwendingen Folgen wirkender Ursachen, und bildet somit die monistische Grundlage der Oecologie." (pp 286-7). English trans.: "By ecology [οἶκος, household or housekeeping, living relations], we mean the whole science of the relations of the organism to the environment including, in the broad sense, all the conditions of existence. These are partly organic, partly inorganic in nature; both, as we have shown, are of the greatest significance for the form of organisms, for they force them to become adapted. [..] Thus the theory of evolution explains the housekeeping relations of organisms mechanistically as the necessary consequences of effectual causes and so forms the monistic groundwork of ecology" (Stauffer 1957:140-1).
- Jakob von Uexküll, Streifzüge durch die Umwelten von Tieren und Menschen: Ein Bilderbuch unsichtbarer Welten, Berlin: J. Springer, 1934, 102 pp; repr., Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1956, 182 pp; 1958; 1962; Frankfurt am Main: S.Fischer, 1970, 206 pp. Illustrated by Georg Kriszat. (German)
- "A Stroll Through the Worlds of Animals and Men: A Picture Book of Invisible Worlds", in Instinctive Behavior: The Development of a Modern Concept, ed. & trans. Claire H. Schiller, New York: International Universities Press, 1957, pp 5-80; repr. in Semiotica 89:4 (1992), pp 319-391.
- A Foray into the Worlds of Animals and Humans, with A Theory of Meaning, trans. Joseph D. O’Neil, University of Minnesota Press, 2010, 272 pp.
- more translations
- Gregory Bateson, Steps to an Ecology of Mind, San Francisco: Chandler, 1972, 542 pp; Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1987. Formulates the concept of the three ecologies: three interconnected networks existing at the scales of mind, society and the environment. Whereas Darwin's theory of natural selection argued that "the unit of survival was either the family line or the species or subspecies", Bateson argues that "the unit of survival is organism plus environment. We are learning by bitter experience that the organism which destroys its environment destroys itself." He concludes that "the unit of evolutionary survival turns out to be identical with the unit of mind. Formerly we tlought of a hierarchy of taxa - individual, family line, subspecies,species, etc. - as units of survival. We now see a different hierarchy of units - gene-in-organism, organism-in-environment, ecosystem, etc. Ecology, in the widest sense, turns out to be the study of the interaction and survival of ideas and programs (ie., differences, complexes of differences, etc.) in circuits." (taken from Guattari 2000:70)
- Félix Guattari, Les trois écologies, Paris: Galilée, 1989, 74 pp. (French) Guattari expands Bateson's concept: "nature cannot be separated from culture; in order to comprehend the interactions between eco-systems, the mechanosphere and the social and individual Universes of reference, we must learn to think 'transversally'" (2000:43).
- The Three Ecologies, trans. Ian Pindar and Paul Sutton, London: Athlone Press, 2000, 174 pp. (English)
- more translations
Resources[edit]
- "Ecology" in the intersections of art, technology, science and culture, compiled by Stephen Wilson. See also the section "Natural phenomena".
- Media Art Ecologies programme at Furtherfield.
- Greenmuseum.org uses "environmental art" as an umbrella term to encompass "eco-art" / "ecological art", "ecoventions", "land art", "earth art", "earthworks", "art in nature" and even a few other less-common terms.
See also[edit]
Sonic ecology, Sensory ethnography