New Tendencies

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During the period 1961-1973, five international exhibitions were organized under the title New Tendencies. They continued the development of ideas raised by Exat 51 during the 1950s, and formed part of the broader European post-informel art movement in the 1960s and 70s.

Commencing with the 1961 exhibition of concrete and constructive art Nove tendencije in Zagreb, the New Tendencies developed into a dynamic movement dedicated to visual research. Around the mid-1960s, the New Tendencies triggered an international Op-Art-boom, which was endorsed by participation in an exhibition entitled The Responsive Eye, at the New York MoMA, in 1965. However, success brought the New Tendencies no closer to its aims: the assertion of 'art as research' and the establishment of new forms of distribution beyond the art market, which should be accessible to everyman. The organizers of the New Tendencies decided to bring their strategy up-to-date and, in the summer of 1968, initiated in the context of the fourth exhibition, Tendencije 4, the program 'Computer and Visual Research'. In 1968 the movement decided to incorporate into its program the computer as a medium of artistic work so as to thereby assert its avantgarde claim and to contribute to the definition of a technology which, as one quite rightly presumed, would define the future of civilization. Until 1973 the supporting institution of the New Tendencies, the former Gallery of Contemporary Art Zagreb – today the Museum of Contemporary Art – had dedicated itself to artistic research by computer with a series of international exhibitions and symposia. At the peak of the Cold War artists and scientists throughout the world presented their work in Zagreb. The New Tendencies thus established a unique platform for the exchange of ideas and experiences from the area of art, the natural sciences and engineering. With the multi-lingual journal Bit international (1968-73, 9 numbers) Zagreb became a point of initiation for aesthetics and media-theoretical thought.

The organizers of NT initially sought to consciously accompany and form the historical transition in which the computer was perceived as medium of artistic creation. They set computer generated works in relation to Constructive and Kinetic Art (1968/69) and to Concept Art (1973). The arts of the electronic media were not considered as an isolated phenomenon but rather incorporated into the history and discourse of fine-and performing arts. (Source)

Exhibitions

Nove tendencije - New Tendencies, 1961

Exhibition, Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, Gallery for Contemporary Art, Zagreb, 3 August – 14 September 1961.

Participating artists: Marc Adrian [AT] Alberto Biasi [IT] Enrico Castellani [IT] Ennio Chiggio [IT] Andreas Christen [CH] Toni Costa [IT] Piero Dorazio [IT] Karl Gerstner [CH] Gerard von Graevenitz [DE] Rudolf Kämmer [DE] Julije Knifer [HR (YU)] Edoardo Landi [IT] Julio Le Parc [AR/FR] Heinz Mack [DE] Piero Manzoni [IT] Manfredo Massironi [IT] Almir Mavignier [BR/DE] François Morellet [FR] Gotthart Müller [DE] Herbert Oehm [DE] Ivan Picelj [HR (YU)] Otto Piene [DE] Uli Pohl [DE] Dieter Rot [DE] Joël Stein [FR] Paul Talman [CH] Günther Uecker [DE] Marcel Wyss [CH] Walter Zehringer [DE].

More on the website of ZKM.

Nove tendencije 2 - New Tendencies 2, 1963

Exhibition, Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, Gallery for Contemporary Art, Zagreb, 1 August – 15 September 1963.

Participating artists: Marc Adrian [AT] Getulio Alviani [IT] Vojin Bakić [HR (YU)] Martha Boto [AR/FR] Enrico Castellani [IT] Andreas Christen [CH] Toni Costa [CH] Cruz-Diez [VE/FR] Hugo Rodolfo Demarco [AR] Piero Dorazio [IT] Equipo 57 (Juan Cuenca, Ángel Duarte, José Duarte, Agustín Ibarrola, Juan Serrano [alle ES]) Héctor Garcia-Miranda [AR] Karl Gerstner [CH ] Gerard von Graevenitz [DE] Groupe de Recherche d’art Visuel (Julio Le Parc [AR/FR], François Morellet [FR], Garcia Rossi [AR], Francisco Sobrino[ES/FR], Joël Stein [FR], Yvaral [FR]) Gruppo N (Alberto Biasi [IT], Ennio Chiggio, Edoardo Landi, Manfredo Massironi [alle IT]) Gruppo T (Giovanni Anceschi, Davide Boriani, Gianni Colombo, Grazia Varisco, Gabriele De Vecchi [alle IT]) Dieter Hacker [DE] Rudolf Kämmer [DE] Julije Knifer [HR (YU)] Vlado Kristl [HR (YU)] Heinz Mack [DE] Enzo Mari [IT] Almir Mavignier [BR/DE] Gotthart Müller [DE] Herbert Oehm [DE] Henk Peeters [NL] Ivan Picelj [HR (YU)] Otto Piene [DE] Uli Pohl [DE] Karl Reinhartz [DE] Vjenceslav Richter [HR (YU)] Aleksandar Srnec [HR (YU)] Klaus Staudt [DE] Helge Sommerrock [DE] Miroslav Šutej [HR (YU)] Paul Talman [CH] Luis Tomasello [AR/FR] Günther Uecker [DE] Gregorio Vardanega [IT/AR/FR] Ludwig Wilding [DE] Walter Zehringer [DE].

More on the website of ZKM.

Nova tendencija 3 - New Tendency 3, 1965

Exhibition, Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, Muzej za umjetnost i obrt, Gallery for Contemporary Art, Museum for Art and Work, Zagreb, 13 August – 3 October 1965.

Participating artists: Marc Adrian [AT] Getulio Alviani [IT] Anonima Group (Ernst Benkert [US], Francis Hewitt [US], Edwin Mieczkowski [US]) Marina Apollonio [IT] Marianne Aue [NL] Hartmut Böhm [DE] Bonies (Bob Niewenhuis) [NL] Martha Boto [AR/FR] Gruppo Di Ricerca Cibernetica [IT] Inge Claus-Jansen [DE] Waldemar Cordeiro [IT/BR] Ivan Čižmek [HR (YU)] Dadamaino [IT] Juraj Dobrović [HR (YU)] Dvizheniye (Vladimir Petrovič Galkin Francisco Arana Infante Georgij Ivanovič Lopakov Lev Voldemarovič Nusberg, Viktor Vladimirovič Stepanov [alle RU (SU)] Effekt [DE] Gruppo N (Alberto Biasi, Manfredo Massironi [both IT]) Equipo 57 (Juan Cuenca, Ángel Duarte, José Duarte, Agustin Ibarrola, Juan Serrano [alle ES]), Eronda [IT] Cam Estenfelder [DE] Karl Gerstner [CH/DE] Jürgen Graaf [DE] Gerard von Graevenitz [DE] Tom Hudson [GB] Reimer Jochims [DE] Rudolf Kaemmer [DE] Ed Kiënder [DE] Hans König-Klingenberg [DE] Edward Krasinski [PL] Bernard Lassus [FR] Lucia Di Luciano [IT] Wolfgang Ludwig [DE] Frank Joseph Malina [US] Kenneth Martin [GB] Gruppo MID [IT] François Morellet [FR] Bruno Munari [IT] Koloman Novak [HR/RS (YU)] Fedora Orebić [HR (YU)] Henk Peeters [NL] Helga Philip [AT] Ivan Picelj [HR (YU)] Otto Piene [DE] Giovanni Pizzo [IT] Lothar Quinte [DE] Vjenceslav Richter [HR (YU)] Bridget Riley [GB] Christian Roeckenschuss [DE] Dieter Rot [DE] Paolo Scheggi [IT] Turi Simeti [IT] Ed Sommer [DE] Klaus Staudt [DE] Zdeněk Sýkora [CZ] Sándor Szandaï [HU] Gruppo T (Giovanni Ancheschi , Davide Boriani, Gianni Colombo, Gabriele De Vecchi [alle IT]) Erwin Thorn [AT] Ivanhoe Trivulzio [IT] Gregorio Vardanega [IT/FR] Emilio Vedova [IT] Nanda Vigo [IT] herman de vries [NL] Ante Vulin [HR (YU)] Ludwig Wilding [DE].

More on the website of ZKM.

Tendencije 4 - Tendency 4, 1968-69

Tendencije 4 - Tendency 4, 1968

Tendencije 4, Kompjutori i vizuelna istraživanja - Tendency 4, Computer and Visual Research.

Informational exhibition featuring computer graphics and programmed works, Centar za kulturu i informacije, Center for Culture and Information, Zagreb, 2–8 August 1968.

More on the website of ZKM.

Tendencije 4, Nove tendencije 4 - Tendencies 4, New Tendency 4, 1969

Tendencije 4, Nove tendencije 4 (Retrospektiva NT 1 - NT 3; Recentni primjeri vizuelnih istraživanja) - Tendencies 4, New Tendency 4 (Retrospective of NT 1—NT3, Latest Examples of Visual Research),

Exhibition, Muzej za umjetnost i obrt, Museum of Art and Work, Zagreb, 5 May – 30 June 1969.

More on the website of ZKM.

Artists participating in NT 4—Latest Examples of Research: Anonima Group (Ernst Benkert , Francis Hewitt, Edwin Mieczkowski [alle [US]) Marina Apollonio [IT] Art Research Centre (John F. Abbick, Peter Clapp, Nancy A. Stephens, Thomas Michael Stephens, Jon Brees Thogmartin [alle US], Philip J. Van Voorst [NL/US]) Otto Beckmann [RU (SU)/AT] Štefan Belohradský [SK (CZ)] Alberto Biasi [IT] Jiří Bielecki [CZ] Hartmut Böhm [DE] Alessandro Carlini [IT/DE] und Bernhard Schneider [DE] Boris Cikalovski [HR (YU)] Inge Claus-Jansen [DE] Gianni Colombo [IT/DE] Waldemar Cordeiro [IT/BR] Jarmila Cihankova [CZ] Dadamaino [IT] Milan Dobeš [SK (CZ)] Juraj Dobrović [HR (YU)] Angel Duarte [ES/CH] Herbert W. Franke [DE] Bruno Gambone [IT] Karl Gerstner [CH/DE] Rolf Glasmeier [DE] Hans Jörg Glattfelder [CH/IT] Hein Gravenhorst [DE] Dieter Hacker [DE] John Gabriel Harries [GB/IL] Axel Heibel [DE] Jiří Hilmar [CZ] Gottfried Jäger [DE] Reimer Jochims [DE] Wohl Kahlen [DE] Rudolf Kämmer [DE] Tamara Klimova [SK (CZ)] Radoslav Kratina [CZ] Richard Kriesche [AT] Edoardo Landi [IT] Wolfgang Ludwig [DE] Max Hermann Mahlmann [DE] und Gudrun Mahlmann-Piper [JP/DE] Gruppo MID [IT] Marcello Morandini [IT] Maurizio Nannucci [IT] Koloman Novak [HR (YU)/AT] Luigi Pezzato [IT] Helga Philip [AT] Ivan Picelj [HR (YU)] Otto Piene [DE] Zoran Radović [RS (YU)] Karl Reinhartz [DE] Gruppo Richerche Cibernetiche (Vittorio D’Augusta, Eugenio Lombardini, Flavio Casade, Pino Parini, Giorgio Scarpa, Giulio Tedioli, Antonio Valmaggi [alle IT]) Vjenceslav Richter [HR (YU)] Bernhard Sandfort [DE] Paolo Scheggi [IT] Aleksandar Srnec [HR (YU)] Klaus Staudt [DE] Josef Herman Stiegler [AT] Sándor Szandaï [HU] Luis Tomasello [AR/FR] Jorrit Tornquist [AT] Miloš Urbásek [SK (CZ)] Grazia Varisco [IT] Gabriele De Vecchi [IT] herman de vries [NL]

Tendencies 4, Computer and Visual Research, 1969

Exhibition, Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, Gallery of Contemporary Art, Zagreb, 5 May–30 August 1969.

Participating artists: Kurd Alsleben [DE] / Cord Passow [DE] Ars intermedia (Otto Beckmann [RU (SU)/AT] / Alfred Grassl [AT]) und Alfred Grassl [AT] Vladimir Bonačić [HR (YU)] California Computer Products (Kerry Strand, Larry Jenkins, Doyle Cavin, Dee Hudson, Jane Moon [all US]) Compos 68 (Jan Baptist Bedaux, Jeroen Clausman, Arthur Veen [all NL]) Waldemar Cordeiro [IT/BR] Charles Csuri [US] Darel D. Eschbach [US] Willam Allan Fetter [US] Alan Mark France [GB] David R. Garrison [US] Jens Harke [DE] Leon D. Harmon und Kenneth C. Knowlton [both US] Hiroshi Kawano [JP] Auro Lecci [IT] Robert Mallary [US] Gustav Metzger [DE/GB] (mit D. E. Evans, Beverly Rowe und R. J. Stibbs [all GB]) Leslie Mezei [HU/CA] Petar Milojević [RS (YU) / CA] Frieder Nake [DE/CA] Georg Nees [DE] A. Michael Noll [US] Michael Palyka [US] Ivan Picelj [HR (YU)] Rechenzentrum des Instituts Boris Kidrič, Vinča [RS (YU)] Manfred Robert Schroeder [DE/US] Lloyd Quinton Summer [US] Alan Sutcliffe [GB] Zdeněk Sýkora [CZ] Evan Harris Walker [US] Edward Zajec [IT/ US]

Tendencije 4 - Tendencies 4, 1969

Tendencije 4, Izložba publikacija i knjiga - Tendencies 4, Exhibition of Publications and Books.

ISIP - Internacionalna stalna izložba publikacija, permanent exhibition of international publications, Zagreb, 6 May – 30 August 1969.

Tendencije 5 - Tendencies 5, 1973

Tendencije 5 (Konstruktivna vizuelna istraživanja; Kompjuterska vizuelna istraživanja; Konceptualna umjetnost) - Tendencies 5 (Constructive Visual Research, Computer Visual Research, Conceptual Art).

Exhibition, organized by the Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, Gallery of Contemporary Art, Zagreb. Tehnički muzej, Technical Museum, Zagreb, 1 June – 1 July 1973.

Participating artists:

Constructive Visual Research: Vojin Bakić [HR (YU)] Milan Dobeš [SK (CZ)] Juraj Dobrović [HR (YU)] Julije Knifer [HR (YU)] Julio Le Parc [AR/FR] Enzo Mari [IT] Almir Mavignier [BR/DE] François Morellet [FR] Koloman Novak [HR/RS (YU)] Lev Voldemarovič Nusberg [RU (SU)] Zoran Radović [RS (YU)] Vjenceslav Richter [HR (YU)] Jesus Raphael Soto [VE/FR] Aleksandar Srnec [HR (YU)] Miroslav Šutej [HR (YU)] Victor Vasarely [FR]

Visual Research on Computer: Jose Luis Alexanco [ES] Manuel Barbadillo [ES] Otto Beckmann [AT] Oskar Beckmann [AT] Vladimir Bonačić [HR (YU)] Waldemar Cordeiro [IT/BR] Gerardo Delgado [ES] Fanie Dupré [FR] Jacques Dupré [FR] Winfried Fischer [DE] Herbert W. Franke [DE] David R. Garrison [US] Jose Luis Gomez Perales [ES] Jean-Claude Halgand [FR] Grace C. Hertlein [US] Miljenko Horvat [HR (YU)/CA] Hervé Huitric [FR] Sture Johannesson und Sten Kallin [both SE] Auro Lecci [IT] Jean-Claude Marquette [FR] MBB Computer Graphics (Frank Böttger, Winfried Fischer, Sylvia Roubaud und Gerold Weiss, Johann Willsberger, Rolf Wölk [alle DE], Aron Warszawski [ISR/DE]) Tomislav Mikulić [?] Manfred Mohr [DE/FR] Monique Nahas [FR] Georg Nees [DE] Sergej Pavlin [SI (YU)] Manuel Quejido [ES] Ludwig Rase [DE] Lillian Schwartz [US] Ana und Javier Seguí [ES] John Whitney [US] Edward Zajec [IT] Anton Zöttl [DE] Vilko Žiljak. [HR (YU)]

Conceptual Art: Anonymous Collective [HU] Giovanni Anselmo [IT] John Baldessari [US] Angelo Bozzolla [IT/GB] Daniel Buren [FR] Radomir Damnjanović-Damnjan [RS (YU)] Antonio Dias [BR/IT] Braco Dimitrijević [HR (YU)] Barry Flanagan [GB] Iannis Kounellis [GR/IT] Douglas Huebler [US] László Kerekes [RS (YU)] Sol LeWitt [US] Slavko Matković [RS (YU)] Giulio Paolini [IT] Giuseppe Penone [IT] Reiner Ruthenbeck [DE] Howard Selina [GB] László Szalma [RS (YU)] Bálint Szombathy [RS (YU)] Ilija Šoškić [ME (YU)] Goran Trbuljak [HR (YU)].

More on the website of ZKM.

Colloquia, symposia

1962
November 3, 1962
New Tendencies artists meet at the studio of the Groupe de Recherche d' Art Visuel (GRAV), Paris

1965
August 18, 1965
Participants in NT3 meet
Castle Brezovica, Brezovica, near Zagreb

1968
May 1968 (probably)
Jury meeting

August 3–4, 1968
Tendencies 4, Computer and Visual Research
Colloquium and exhibition of publications on the same theme
Centar za kulturu i informacije, Center for Culture and Information, Zagreb

1969
January 10–12, 1969
Tendencies 4, Computer and Visual Research
Informational seminar
Organized in cooperation with the Yugoslavian section of the AICA (Association Internationale de Critique d'Art)
Centar za kulturu i informacije, Center for Culture and Information, Zagreb

May 5–6, 1969
Tendencies 4, Computer and Visual Research
International symposion
Radničko sveučilište Moša Pijade, Moša Pijade Workers' University, Zagreb

1971
June 26–27, 1971
Art and Computers 71
Colloquium
Radničko sveučilište Moša Pijade, Moša Pijade Workers' University Zagreb

1973
June 2, 1973
Tendenzen 5 – The rational and irational in visual research today - Match of ideas
Symposion at the AICA Congress (Association Internationale de Critique d'Art)
Hotel Esplanade, Zagreb

1978
October 13–14, 1978
Tendencies 6
International symposion
Centar za kulturu i informacije, Center for Culture and Information, Zagreb

http://www02.zkm.de/bit/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22&Itemid=40

Image documentation

Darko Fritz on NT

Between 1961 and 1973, the Gallery of Contemporary Art (now the Museum of Contemporary Art) organized five international exhibitions entitled New Tendencies. The first New Tendencies exhibition was organized on the initiative of the art historians Matko Meštrović, Radoslav Putar, Božo Bek and Boris Kelemen, and the artists Ivan Picelj and Almir Mavignier. The New Tendencies strived at a synthesis of different forms of the arts of the 1960s and 1970s. In the beginning, the movement characterized broad issues but later the exhibitions veered towards neo-constructivism, lumino-kinetic objects (mostly mechanically made, often under group authorship) and finally computer art and conceptual art. The first exhibition (1961) - apart from the participants such as Almir Mavignier, Zero Group (Oto Peine, Hienz Mack) and Azimuth Group (Enrico Castellani, Piero Manzoni) - contained works that were bent mostly on a system research (Francois Morellet, Karl Gerstner) and optical research of the surface and the structure of objects (Marc Adrian, Julio Le Park, Gunther Uecker, Gruppo N - Biasi, Massironi, Chiggio, Costa, Landi). The origins of the preprogrammed and kinetic art whose characteristic language would mark New Tendencies as a movement as early as their following exhibition (1963) had also been noted. The demands for the scientification of art favored experimenting with new technical media as a means of researching the visual perception based on the Gestalt theory. The third exhibition of New Tendencies (1965) probed the relationship between cybernetics and art and a symposium on the same topic preceded the exhibition. Vjenceslav Richter, Aleksandar Srnec and Ivan Picelj exhibited lumino-kinetic objects. The fourth exhibition (1968/69) was dominated by the information theory and encompassed an international conference entitled Kompjuteri i vizualna istrazivanja. The same year, the Gallery of Contemporary Art started the Bit international magazine. I have to mention the computer light installation by Vladimir Bonacic DIN.21 as a paradigm for media art coming from the sphere of science. The work was installed in 1968 on the facade of the NAMA department store in Zagreb and was intended as a permanent exhibit. In 1968, Vladimir Bonacic and Ivan Picelj realized T4, an electronic (and computer programmed) object. Beside the computerized visual research section, a conceptual art section was also included in Tendencies 5 (1973). Vilko Ziljak exhibited ASCCI photographs, i.e. digital printouts. Tomislav Mikulic, working for the television where he made intentional computer animation and television graphics, created an artistic computer movie 1973. In the early stages of the development of media art since the 1960s, we note two, at the time irreconcilable sources: modernist (supporting the idea of progress and science) and the anarchistic-individual approach of conceptual art (building on the achievements of the student movements from the 1960s). Conceptual art and computer art were prominently marked on the Tendencies 5 exhibition poster. Matko Mestrovic was the main theorist of New Tendencies as a movement who tackled the problem of the relationship between art and society demanding the socialization of arts, abolishing the unique significance of a work of art and equaling art and science. See more on Tendencies under Institutions, data bases, and the on-line catalogue of a collection of works of early computer art by MSU exhibited as part of the I Am Still Alive project (2000).

From: Darko Fritz, "A brief overview of media art in Croatia (since 1960s)", 2003.

Retrospective exhibitions

  • Constructivism and Kinetic Art: Exat 51, New Tendencies, May-July 1995, City Gallery, Zagreb. Curator: Marijan Susovski.
  • I Am Still Alive, 14-28 May 2000, PM Gallery, Zagreb. Curator: Darko Fritz.
  • Exat-51, May - June 2001, Centro Cultural de Cascais, Cascais
  • Bit international. [New] Tendencies. Computers and Visual Research, Zagreb 1961-1973, 28 Apr - 17 Jun 2007, Neue Galerie Graz am Landesmuseum Joanneum, Graz. Curator: Darko Fritz.
  • Bit international. [New] Tendencies. Computers and Visual Research, Zagreb 1961-1973, 2008-2009, ZKM. Curators: Darko Fritz, Margit Rosen, Peter Weibel. [1]
Other events
  • Nove Tendencije / Nuove Tendenze Art and Architecture in the 60's: Zagreb – Milano. International Conference. Organized by Alessandro De Magistris and Ivica Covic, 30 May 2012 [2]
Bit International, 5-6: Word Image, 1969, Log.

Publications

  • Ivan Picelj, Nove tendencije 2, exhibition catalogue, Zagreb, 1963. 50 pages.
  • Božo Bek (ed.), Nove tendencije 3, exhibition catalogue, Zagreb, 1965. 171 pages. [3]
  • Božo Bek (ed.), Tendencije 4: Zagreb, 1968 - 1969, exhibition catalogue, Zagreb, 1970. 146 pages. [4]
  • Bit international. Bit: teorija informacija i nova estetika, magazine, Zagreb: Galerije Grada Zagreba, 1968-72.
    • Issue 1, Teorija informacija i nova estetika - The theory of informations and the new aesthetics, 1968.
    • Issue 2, Kompjuteri i vizualna istraživanja, 1968.
    • Issue 3, Internacionalni kolokvij kompjuteri i vizuelna istraživanja, 1968.
    • Issue 4, Dizajn: u pocast ulmu, 1968, 117 pp.
    • Issue 5-6, Oslikovljena riječ - Konkretna poezija - The word image - Poésie concrete, ed. Vera Horvat-Pintarić, 1969, 145 pp.
    • Issue 7, eds. Boris Kelemen and Radoslav Putar, 1971.
    • Issue 8-9, Televizija danas - Television today, 1972, 245 pp.

Catalogues

  • Marijan Susovski (ed.), Constructivism and Kinetic Art: Exat 51, New Tendencies, Zagreb: City Gallery, 1995. Catalogue. (English, Croatian)
  • Exat 51 & New Tendencies: Avant-garde and international events in croatian art in the 1950s and 1960s, exhibition catalogue, Zagreb: MSU, 2002. ISBN 9536043351
  • Tobias Hoffmann (ed.), "Die Neuen Tendenzen : eine europäische Künstlerbewegung 1961 - 1973", 29 Sep 2006 - 7 Jan 2007, Museum für Konkrete Kunst, Ingolstadt; 28 Jan - 25 Mar 2007, Leopold-Hoesch-Museum, Düren. Heidelberg: Edition Braus, 2006. ISBN: 3-89904-249-2 ; 978-3-89904-249-8
  • The new tendencies / Ingolstadt / Düren, Ingolstadt, 2006. Catalogue. [5]
  • Peter Weibel (ed.), Bit international: (Nove) tendencije - Computer und visuelle Forschung, Zagreb 1961-1973, exhibition catalogue, Graz: Neue Galerie Graz, 2007. 57 pages. ISBN: 3-902241-23-3
  • bit international. [Nove] tendencije – Computer und visuelle Forschung, Zagreb 1961–1973, Karlsruhe: ZKM, 2007.

Literature

Monographs

  • Jerko Denegri, Umjetnost konstruktivnog pristupa: Exat 51 i Nove tendencije. Zagreb: Horetzky, 2000, 620 pp. [6] (Croatian)
    • Constructive Approach Art: Exat 51 and New Tendencies, Zagreb: Horetzky, 2004, 336 pp. [7]
  • Margit Rosen (ed.), A Little-Known Story About A Movement, A Magazine, And The Computer’s Arrival In Art: New Tendencies and Bit International, 1961–1973, MIT Press, 2011. [8]

Book chapters, articles and theses

Other articles

Links


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