Michel Foucault

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Demonstration in support of immigrant workers. Michel Foucault in the foreground. Paris, 1973. Photo: Gilles Peress.
Born October 15, 1926(1926-10-15)
Poitiers, France
Died June 25, 1984(1984-06-25) (aged 57)
Paris, France
Web Aaaaarg, UbuWeb Sound, Wikipedia, Open Library, PhilPapers, Using "Academia.edu" as base chain is not permitted during the annotation process.
Photo taken in the late 1950s at the Maison Française in Uppsala, Sweden, by his friend Jean-François Miquel. [1]

Michel Foucault (born Paul-Michel Foucault, 1926–1984) was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, social theorist, philologist and literary critic. His theories addressed the relationship between power and knowledge, and how they are used as a form of social control through societal institutions. Though often cited as a post-structuralist and postmodernist, Foucault ultimately rejected these labels, preferring to classify his thought as a critical history of modernity.

Works

Mental Illness and Psychology, 1954–. Cover of the 1954 edition.
Madness and Civilization, 1961–. Cover of the 1972 Gallimard edition.
The Birth of the Clinic, 1963–. Cover of the 1963 PUF edition.
Raymond Roussel, 1963–. Cover of the 1963 Gallimard edition.
The Order of Things, 1966–. Cover of the 1994 Vintage edition.
The Archaeology of Knowledge, 1969–. Cover of the 1972 Pantheon edition.
This Is Not a Pipe, 1973–. Cover of the 1983 U California Press edition.
Discipline and Punish, 1975–. Cover of the 1995 Vintage edition.
The History of Sexuality, 3 vols., 1978-86–. Cover of the 1998 Penguin edition of the second volume.

(in French unless noted)

Theses

  • Folie et déraison (see below). Principal doctoral thesis.
  • Introduction à 'Anthropologie' de Kant, [1961], 128 pp, typewritten. The Introduction, together with his translation of Immanuel Kant's Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht (1798), constituted Foucault's secondary doctoral thesis, which was supervised by Jean Hyppolite and submitted to the University of Paris, Sorbonne on 20 May 1961. Published as Anthropologie du point de vue pragmatique. Introduction à l’Anthropologie, Vrin, 2008, 272 pp. [2]

Monographs

Edited books

Lectures

  • L’Origine de l’herméneutique de soi. Conférences prononcées à Dartmouth College (1980), Vrin, 2013, 168 pp.
  • "Des Espace Autres", [1967], Architecture, Mouvement, Continuité 5 (October 1984), pp 46-49. (in French). Written in 1967. The text was the basis of a lecture given in March 1967.
  • "Qu'est-ce qu'un auteur?", Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie 63:3 (1969), pp 73-104; repr. as Qu'est-ce qu'un auteur?, Paris: Armand Colin, 1970. Given before the Society at the Collège de France on 22 February 1969, with Jean Wahl presiding.
    • "What Is an Author?", trans. Donald Bouchard and Sherry Simon, in Language, Counter-Memory, Practice, Cornell University Press, 1977, pp 113-138; repr. in The Foucault Reader, New York: Pantheon, 1984, pp 101-120; repr. in The Norton Anthology of History and Criticism, ed. Vincent B. Leitch, W.W. Norton, 2001, pp 1622-1636; repr. in The Essential Foucault, New Press, 2003, pp 377-391. (in English). With link-references.
    • O que é um autor?, trans. José A. Bragança de Miranda and António Fernando Cascais, intro. José A. Bragança de Miranda and António Fernando Cascais, Lisbon: Vega, 1992; 1995; 1997; 2000; 2002; 2012. (in Portuguese)
  • L'ordre du discours, Paris: Gallimard, 1971. Inaugural lecture at the Collège de France, given 2 December 1970.
    • "The Discourse on Language", trans. Rupert Swyer, Social Science Information (April 1971), pp 7-30; repr. in The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language, New York: Pantheon Books, 1972, pp 215-237. (in English)
    • Die Ordnung des Diskurses, trans. Walter Seitter, Munich: Hauser, 1974; 8th ed., Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 2001. (in German)
    • "The Order of Discourse", trans. Ian McLeod, in Untying the Text: A Post-Structuralist Reader, ed. Robert Young, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981, pp 51-78. (in English)
    • El orden del discurso, trans. Alberto González Troyano, Buenos Aires: Tusquets, 1992. (in Spanish).
    • A ordem do discurso, trans. Laura Fraga de Almeida Sampaio, São Paulo: Loyola, 1996; 5th ed., 1999. (in Brazilian Portuguese)
    • A ordem do discurso, trans. Laura Fraga de Almeida Sampaio, rev. Nuno Nabais, Lisbon: Relógio d'Água, 1997, 58 pp. (in Portuguese)
    • Ordinea discursului. Un discurs despre discurs, trans. Ciprian Tudor, Bucharest: Eurosong & Book, 1998. (in Romanian)
    • Diskursens orden, trans. Espen Schaanning, Oslo: Spartacus, 1999. (in Norwegian)
    • Porządek dyskursu, trans. Michał Kozłowski, Gdańsk: słowo/obraz terytoria, 2002. (in Polish)
    • Rád diskurzu, trans. Miroslav Marcelli, Bratislava: Agora, 2006, 64 pp. (in Slovak)
  • Leçons sur la volonte de savoir. Cours au Collège de France. 1970-1971, eds. François Ewald and Alessandro Fontana, Paris: Seuil/Gallimard, 2011. Weekly lectures, 9 December 1970 – 17 March 1971.
  • La Volonté de Savoir, [1970-71], 2011.
    • The Will to Know, 2013. (in English)
  • "Le noir et la surface" & "La peinture de Manet", [1971], Cahiers de L’Herne, 2011.
  • Théories et institutions pénales, [1971-72], (forthcoming).
    • Penal Theories and Institutions, (forthcoming). (in English)
  • La Société punitive, [1972-73], Paris: Seuil/Gallimard, 2013, 368 pp.
    • The Punitive Society, (forthcoming). (in English)
  • "La Vérité et les formes juridiques", [1973], in Dits et écrits, t. 2, texte n°139, 1994. Given at a conference in Rio de Janeiro, 21-25 May 1973.
    • "A verdade e as formas juridicas", trans. Roberto Cabral de Melo Machado and Eduardo Jardim Morais, Cadernos da PUC-Rio 16 (1974), pp 5-133; repr. Rio de Janeiro: NAU, 1996; 2nd ed., 1999; 3rd ed., 2002. (in Brazilian Portuguese)
  • Le pouvoir psychiatrique, [1973-74], Paris: Seuil/Gallimard, 2003.
    • Psychiatric Power, trans. Graham Burchell, ed. Jacques Lagrange, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. (in English)
    • O poder psiquiátrico, trans. Eduardo Brandão. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2006. (in Brazilian Portuguese)
    • El poder psiquiatrico, trans. Horacio Pons, Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2007, 448 pp. (in Spanish)
  • Les anormaux, [1974-75], Paris: Seuil/Gallimard, 1999.
    • Anormalii, trans. Dan Radu, Bucharest: Univers, 2000. (in Romanian)
    • Os anormais, trans. Eduardo Brandão, São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2001. (in Brazilian Portuguese)
    • Abnormal, trans. Graham Burchell, Verso, 2003, 374 pp. (in English)
  • Il faut défendre la société, [1975-76], Paris: Seuil/Gallimard, 1997; 2001; 2012. [8] [9]
    • In Verteidigung der Gesellschaft, trans. Michaela Ott, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1999. (in German)
    • Defender la sociedad, trans. François Ewald and Alessandro Fontana, Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2000; 2nd. ed, 2001 (in Spanish).
    • Society Must Be Defended, trans. David Macey, eds. Mauro Bertani and Alessandro Fontana, New York: Picador, 2003. (in English)
    • Je třeba bránit společnost, trans. Petr Horák, Prague: Filosofia, 2005. (in Czech)
    • Em defesa da sociedade, trans. Maria Ermantina Galvão, São Paulo: Martins Fortes, 1999; 4th ed., 2005. (in Brazilian Portuguese)
    • É preciso defender a sociedade, trans. Carlos Correia Monteiro de Oliveira, Carnaxide: Livros do Brasil, 2006, 315 pp. (in Portuguese)
  • Sécurité, territoire, population, [1977-78], Paris: Seuil/Gallimard, 2004.
  • Naissance de la biopolitique, [1978-79], Paris: Gallimard/Seuil, 2004, 355 pp.
    • El nacimiento de la biopolítica, trans. Horacio Pons, Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2007, 401 pp. (in Spanish)
    • The Birth of Biopolitics, trans. Graham Burchell, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, 346 pp. (in English) [10]
    • O nascimento da biopolítica, trans. Eduardo Brandão and Claudia Berliner, São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2008. (in Brazilian Portuguese)
    • Zrození biopolitiky, trans. Petr Horák, 2009. (in Czech)
    • O nascimento da biopolítica, trans. Pedro Elói Duarte, intro. Bruno Maçães, Lisbon: Edições 70, 2010, 439 pp. (in Portuguese)
  • The Politics of Truth, [1978-84], ed. Sylvère Lotringer, trans. Lysa Hochroth & Catherine Porter, Semiotext(e), 2007. (in English)
  • Du gouvernement des vivants, [1979-80], Paris: Seuil/Gallimard, 2012.
    • Do governo dos vivos: curso no Collège de France, 1979-1980 (excertos), trans. Nildo Avelino, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro: Centro Cultural Achiamé, 2010. (in Brazilian Portuguese)
    • On the Government of the Living, trans. Graham Burchell, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, 448 pp. (in English)
  • Subjectivité et Vérité, [1980-81], (forthcoming).
    • Subjectivity and Truth, (forthcoming). (in English)
  • L'Herméneutique du sujet, [1981-82], Paris: Seuil/Gallimard, 2001.
  • Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault, [1982], eds. Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman and Patrick H. Hutton, University of Massachusetts Press, 1988, 166 pp. (in English). Given at the University of Vermont in autumn 1982.
  • Resumés des cours au Collège de France, 1970-1982, Paris: Julliard, 1989.
  • Le Gouvernement de soi et des autres, [1982-83], Paris: Seuil/Gallimard, 2008.
  • Le courage de la vérité, [1983-84], Paris: Seuil/Gallimard, 2009.
  • Fearless Speech, [1983], ed. Joseph Pearson, Semiotext(e), 2001, 183 pp. (in English). Six lectures delivered, in English, while teaching at Berkeley in the Fall of 1983.
    • Doğruyu Söylemek, trans. Kerem Eksen, Istanbul: Ayrinti Yayinlari, 2005; 2010; 2012. (in Turkish)

Translations

  • Immanuel Kant, Anthropologie du point de vue pragmatique [1961], Vrin, 1994, 300 pp. Translated as part of Foucault's secondary doctoral thesis. [12]
  • Léo Spitzer, Études de style, Paris: Gallimard, 1962.

Selected papers and articles

  • "Introduction", in Ludwig Binswanger, Le rêve et l'existence, Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1954.
  • "Préface à la transgression", Critique 195-196: "Hommage à Georges Bataille" (1963), pp 751-770; repr. 1991. The essay reprinted as Préface à la transgression, Paris / Fécamp: Lignes, 2012, 64 pp.
    • "A Preface to Transgression", in Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews, Cornell University Press, 1977, pp 29-52. (in English)
    • "Předmluva k transgresi", trans. Miroslav Petříček, in Myšlení vnějšku, Prague: Hermann & synové, 1996; 2nd ed., 2003, pp 7-34. (in Czech)
  • "Nietzsche, Freud, Marx", in Cahiers de Royaumont, t. 4: Nietzsche, Paris: Minuit, 1967, pp 183-200. The essay stems from the July 1964 Royaumont colloquium.
    • "Nietzsche, Freud, Marx", trans. Jon Anderson and Gary Hentzi, in Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology, New York: New Press, 1998, pp 269-278. (in English)
  • "Nietzsche, la généalogie, l’histoire", in Homage à Jean Hyppolite, ed. S. Bachelard, et al., Paris: PUF, 1971, pp 145-172. Along with "Réponse au Cercle d'épistémologie", which became the introductory chapter of The Archaeology of Knowledge, this essay represents Foucault's attempt to explain his relationship to those sources which are fundamental to his development.
    • "Nietzsche, Genealogy, History", in Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews, Cornell University Press, 1977, pp 139-164. (in English)
  • "Erotics", trans. Robert Hurley, October 33 (Summer 1985), pp 3-30. Chapter 4 of L'usage des plaisirs, t. 2, Paris: Gallimard, 1984. (in English)

Collected writings

  • Estruturalismo: antologia de textos teóricos, ed. & intro. Eduardo Prado Coelho, trans. Maria Eduarda Reis Colares, António Ramos Rosa and Eduardo Prado Coelho, Lisbon: Portugália, 1968, 417 pp. (in Portuguese)
  • Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews, ed. Donald F. Bouchard, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1977; 1980. (in English)
  • The Foucault Reader, ed. Paul Rabinow, New York: Pantheon Books, 1984. (in English)
  • Dits et écrits, 1954-1988, 4 vols., eds. Daniel Defert and François Ewald, Paris: Gallimard, 1994. [13]
    • Tome 1: 1954-1969.
    • Tome 2: 1972-1975.
    • Tome 3: 1976-1979.
    • Tome 4: 1980-1988.
    • Ditos e escritos, 9 vols., ed. Manoel Barros da Motta, Rio de Janeiro: Forense Universitária, 1999-2014. (in Brazilian Portuguese)
      • Vol. 1, Problematização do sujeito: psicologia, psiquiatria e psicanálise, trans. Vera Lúcia Avelar Ribeiro, 1999.
      • Vol. 2, Arqueologia das ciências e história dos sistemas de pensamento, trans. Elisa Monteiro, 2000.
      • Vol. 3, Estética: literatura e pintura, música e cinema, trans. Inês Autran Dourado Barbosa, 2001.
      • Vol. 4, Ética, estratégia, poder-saber, trans. Vera Lúcia Avellar Ribeiro, 2003.
      • Vol. 5, Ética, sexualidade, política, trans. Elisa Monteiro and Inês Autran Dourado Barbosa, 2004.
      • Vol. 6, Repensar a política, trans. Ana Lúcia Paranhos Pessoa, 2010.
      • Vol. 7, Arte, epistemologia, filosofia e história da medicina, 2011.
      • Vol. 8, Segurança, penalidade e prisão, 2012.
      • Vol. 9, Genealogia da ética, subjetividade e sexualidade, 2014.
  • Diskurs, autor, genealogie: tři studie, trans. Petr Horák, Prague: Svoboda, 1994, 120 pp. Translated selections from the essays L'ordre du discours, Qu'est-ce qu'un auteur, and Nietzsche, la généalogie, l'histoire. (in Czech)
  • De Lenguaje y literatura, trans. Isidro Herrera Baquero, Barcelona: Paidos Iberica, 1996. (in Spanish)
  • Myšlení vnějšku, trans. Čestmír Pelikán, Miroslav Petříček, Stanislav Polášek, Petr Soukup and Karel Thein, Prague: Hermann & synové, 1996; 2nd ed., 2003, 304 pp. (in Czech)
  • Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984, ed. Paul Rabinow, trans. Robert Hurley, et al., New York: The New Press, 1997-2000. (in English)
  • The Essential Foucault: Selections from Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984, eds. Paul Rabinow and Nikolas Rose, New York: The New Press, 2003. (in English)
  • Intellektualy i vlast [Интеллектуалы и власть], 3 vols., 2002-2006. (in Russian). Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3.
  • El poder, una bestia magnífica: sobre el poder, la prisión y la vida, trans. Horacio Pons, Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2012, 288 pp. (in Spanish)
  • La inquietud por la verdad: escritos sobre la sexualidad y el sujeto, trans. Horacio Pons, Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2013, 272 pp. (in Spanish)

Miscellanea

Interviews and debates

Printed

  • "Par-dela le bien et le mal", Actuel 14 (November 1971), pp 42-47.
  • with Gilles Deleuze, "Les Intellectuels et le pouvoir", L'Arc 49 (May 1972), pp 3-10; repr. in Collectif Arc, Gilles Deleuze, Paris: Inculte, 2005, pp 23-39. Recorded 4 March 1972.
    • Microfisica del potere: Interventi politici, trans. Giovanna Procacci and Pasquale Pasquino, Torino: Einaudi, 1977; 2nd ed., 1977, 194 pp. (in Italian)
    • "Intellectuals and Power", in Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews, Cornell University Press, 1977, pp 205-217. (in English) [14]
    • Microfísica do poder, trans. Roberto Machado, Rio de Janeiro, Graal, 1979. (in Brazilian Portuguese)
  • with Guy Hocquenghem and Jean Danet, "La Loi de la pudeur", Recherches 37 (April 1979). Presented on radio on France Culture on 4 April 1978.
    • "The Danger of Child Sexuality", trans. Daniel Moshenberg, Semiotext(e) Magazine (Summer 1980), New York. (in English)
    • "Sexuality Morality and the Law", trans. Alan Sheridan, in Michel Foucault: Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings, ed. Lawrence D. Kritzman, New York: Routledge, 1988; 1990. (in English)
  • Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon, trans. Colin Gordon, Leo Marshal, John Mepham and Kate Sober, New York: Pantheon, 1980. (in English)
  • with Pierre Boulez, "La musique contemporaine et le public", in C.N.A.C. Magazine 15 (May-June 1983), pp 10-12.
  • Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings, 1977-1984, ed. Lawrence D. Kritzman, trans. Alan Sheridan, et al., New York: Routledge, 1988; 1990. (in English)
  • Foucault Live: Interviews, 1966-84, ed. Sylvère Lotringer, trans. Lysa Hochroth and John Johnston, New York: Semiotext(e), 1989; 2nd ed. as Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961-1984, 1996. (in English)
  • with Noam Chomsky, The Chomsky-Foucault Debate: On Human Nature, New York: New Press, 2006. (in English)
  • with Jean Le Bitoux, "The Gay Science", trans. Nicolae Morar and Daniel W. Smith, Critical Inquiry 37:3 (Spring 2011), pp 385-403. (in English)
  • with Duccio Trombadori, Colloqui con Foucault, Salerno: 10/17, 1981. A series of 1978 interviews. (in Italian)
    • Remarks on Marx, trans. R. James Goldstein and James Cascaito, New York: Semiotext(e), 1991, 187 pp. (in English)
  • "Je veux savoir de quoi il s’agit", Liberation (May 1984). [16]
  • Roger-Pol Droit, Michel Foucault: entretiens, Paris: Editions Odile Jacob, 2004, 160 pp.
    • Entrevistas con Michel Foucault, trans. Rosa Rius and Pere Salvat, Buenos Aires: Paidó, 2006; 2008. (in Spanish)
    • Entrevistas, trans. Vera Portocarrero and Gilda Gomes Carneiro, Rio de Janeiro: Graal, 2006. (in Brazilian Portuguese)

Televised

Literature

Hubert L. Dreyfus, Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, 2nd ed., 1983.
Gilles Deleuze, Foucault, 1986/2004.

Monographs

Biographies
  • Didier Eribon, Michel Foucault, 1926-1984, Paris: Flammarion, 1989.
    • Michel Foucault, trans. Betsy Wing, Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 1991. (in English)
    • Michel Foucault, trans. Thomas Kauf, Barcelona: Editorial Anagrama, 1992, 2004 (in Spanish).
  • James Miller, The Passion of Michel Foucault, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. (in English)
  • Didier Eribon, Michel Foucault, 1926-1984, new ed., Paris: Champs-Flammarion, 2011. (in French)

Documentaries

Bibliographies

Resources

Links

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