Difference between revisions of "Computer art"

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[[Image:Bangert 1968 Land Coils.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Colette Bangert]], Charles Bangert, ''Land Coils'', 1968. Computer, plotter, black ink on paper, 58 x 47 cm. [https://collections.lacma.org/node/2291169 LACMA].]]
 
[[Image:Bangert 1968 Land Coils.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Colette Bangert]], Charles Bangert, ''Land Coils'', 1968. Computer, plotter, black ink on paper, 58 x 47 cm. [https://collections.lacma.org/node/2291169 LACMA].]]
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[[Image:Johannesson_1981-1986_Digital_Human.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Charlotte Johannesson]], ''Digital Human'', 1981-1986. Computer graphics plotted on paper, 23.5 x 31.5 cm.]]
  
 
<blockquote>'Computer art' is the generation of aesthetic objects with the aid of software on a digital computer. Its history started in 1965. Three exhibitions took place that year, which are acknowledged as first public presentations of digital art: [[Georg Nees]] at the Studiengalerie of the University of Stuttgart (5-19 February 1965); [[A. Michael Noll]] and [[Bela Julesz]] at Howard Wise Gallery, New York (6-24 April 1965); [[Frieder Nake]] and [[Georg Nees]] at Galerie Wendelin Niedlich, Stuttgart (5-26 November 1965)... The picture changes slightly, when we closely look at the time when these researcher-artists started their experiments in algorithmic art: Noll in 1962, Nake in 1963, Nees in 1964. All these dates refer to "digital" art and computers. [[Ben F. Laposky]] had started to work with analogue equipment in 1952. [[Herbert W. Franke]] followed in Austria in 1959, and Kurd Alsleben in Hamburg around 1960."<br>– [http://leoalmanac.org/journal/Vol_13/lea_v13_n05.txt Frieder Nake]</blockquote>
 
<blockquote>'Computer art' is the generation of aesthetic objects with the aid of software on a digital computer. Its history started in 1965. Three exhibitions took place that year, which are acknowledged as first public presentations of digital art: [[Georg Nees]] at the Studiengalerie of the University of Stuttgart (5-19 February 1965); [[A. Michael Noll]] and [[Bela Julesz]] at Howard Wise Gallery, New York (6-24 April 1965); [[Frieder Nake]] and [[Georg Nees]] at Galerie Wendelin Niedlich, Stuttgart (5-26 November 1965)... The picture changes slightly, when we closely look at the time when these researcher-artists started their experiments in algorithmic art: Noll in 1962, Nake in 1963, Nees in 1964. All these dates refer to "digital" art and computers. [[Ben F. Laposky]] had started to work with analogue equipment in 1952. [[Herbert W. Franke]] followed in Austria in 1959, and Kurd Alsleben in Hamburg around 1960."<br>– [http://leoalmanac.org/journal/Vol_13/lea_v13_n05.txt Frieder Nake]</blockquote>
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==Magazines==
 
==Magazines==
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* [http://monoskop.org/log/?p=3851 ''rot'' 19: "Computer-Grafik"], eds. Max Bense and Elisabeth Walther, 1968. {{de}}
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* ''[[New Tendencies#Publications|Bit International: teorija informacija i nova estetika]]'', 9 numbers (7 issues), ed. Božo Bek, Zagreb: Galerije Grada Zagreba, 1968-1972. {{multi}}
 
* ''[[New Tendencies#Publications|Bit International: teorija informacija i nova estetika]]'', 9 numbers (7 issues), ed. Božo Bek, Zagreb: Galerije Grada Zagreba, 1968-1972. {{multi}}
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* ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=2275 PAGE]'', London: Computer Arts Society, 1969-1985 & 2004-2011.
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* ''Leonardo'', ed. Frank Malina (later Roger F. Malina), Paris (later San Francisco), 1968–present. [https://leonardo.info/ Website].
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* ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=2275 PAGE]'', London: Computer Arts Society, 1969-1985 & 2004-2011.
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* ''[https://archive.org/search?query=creator%3A%22Creative+Computing%22 Creative Computing]'', ed. David H. Ahl, Morristown, NJ, Nov 1974-Dec 1985. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Computing_(magazine) WP].
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* ''[http://recodeproject.com/ Computer Graphics and Art]'', 12 issues, ed. Grace C. Hertlein, Chico, CA: Berkeley Enterprises, Feb 1976-Nov 1978.
 
* ''[http://recodeproject.com/ Computer Graphics and Art]'', 12 issues, ed. Grace C. Hertlein, Chico, CA: Berkeley Enterprises, Feb 1976-Nov 1978.
  
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* ''Arte programmata: arte cinetica, opere moltiplicate, opera aperta'' [Programmed Art: Kinetic Art, Multiplied Works, Open Works], Milan: Galleria Vittorio Emanuele, 1962, 32 pp. Text by [[Umberto Eco]]. Works by Bruno Munari, Enzo Mari, [[Gruppo T]], Gruppo N, Getulio Alviani, GRAV, et al. Organised by [[Bruno Munari]] and Giorgio Soavi; sponsored by Olivetti. Exh. held in Milan, May 1962; Piazza S. Marco, Venice, Jul-Aug 1962; Genova, 1962; Piazza Barberini, Rome, Oct 1962; Galleria La Cavana, Trieste, 1962; Tokyo, 1962; Goppinger Galerie, Düsseldorf, 1963; Royal College of Art, London, Jul 1964; Loeb Student Center, New York, 1964; and circulated across other venues in the US by the Smithsonian Institution. [http://youtube.com/watch?v=iji_cT9L6RQ Video documentation] (10 min). [http://www.reprogrammed-art.cc/library/33/Arte-programmata.-Arte-cinetica.-Opere-moltiplicate.-Opera-aperta.] {{it}},{{fr}},{{en}}
 
* ''Arte programmata: arte cinetica, opere moltiplicate, opera aperta'' [Programmed Art: Kinetic Art, Multiplied Works, Open Works], Milan: Galleria Vittorio Emanuele, 1962, 32 pp. Text by [[Umberto Eco]]. Works by Bruno Munari, Enzo Mari, [[Gruppo T]], Gruppo N, Getulio Alviani, GRAV, et al. Organised by [[Bruno Munari]] and Giorgio Soavi; sponsored by Olivetti. Exh. held in Milan, May 1962; Piazza S. Marco, Venice, Jul-Aug 1962; Genova, 1962; Piazza Barberini, Rome, Oct 1962; Galleria La Cavana, Trieste, 1962; Tokyo, 1962; Goppinger Galerie, Düsseldorf, 1963; Royal College of Art, London, Jul 1964; Loeb Student Center, New York, 1964; and circulated across other venues in the US by the Smithsonian Institution. [http://youtube.com/watch?v=iji_cT9L6RQ Video documentation] (10 min). [http://www.reprogrammed-art.cc/library/33/Arte-programmata.-Arte-cinetica.-Opere-moltiplicate.-Opera-aperta.] {{it}},{{fr}},{{en}}
  
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* ''Herstellung von zeichnerischen Darstellungen, Tonfolgen und Texten mit elektronischen Rechenanlagen. Programm-Information PI-21'', Darmstadt: Deutsches Rechenzentrum Darmstadt, 1966. {{de}}
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* ''[[Media:Programm-Information PI-21 1966.pdf|Herstellung von zeichnerischen Darstellungen, Tonfolgen und Texten mit elektronischen Rechenanlagen. Programm-Information PI-21]]'', Darmstadt: Deutsches Rechenzentrum Darmstadt, Apr 1966, 51 pp. Exh. held at the Deutsche Rechenzentrum, Darmstadt, 15 Jan-15 Feb 1966. [http://dada.compart-bremen.de/item/publication/396] {{de}}
  
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* ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=3854 Computer Graphics]'', ed. Jiří Valoch, Brno: Dům umění města Brna, 1968, 16 pp. {{cz}}
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* ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=3854 Computer Graphics]'', ed. [[Jiří Valoch]], Brno: Dům umění města Brna, 1968, 16 pp. [[Computer Graphic|Exh.]] held at the House of Arts, Brno, 4 Feb-3 Mar 1968; Oblastní Galerie Vysočiny, Jihlava, Mar 1968; Oblastní galerie výtvarného umění, Zlín, Apr 1968. {{cz}}
  
 
* [http://monoskop.org/log/?p=388 ''Cybernetic Serendipidity. The Computer and the Arts: a Studio International Special Issue''], ed. Jasia Reichardt, London: Studio International, Jul 1968; 2nd ed., rev., Sep 1968, 103 pp; repr., New York: Praeger, 1969, 101 pp; repr., London: Studio International Foundation, 2018, 101 pp. Exh. catalogue. Features a cover designed by Franciszka Themerson; an introduction by Jasia Reichardt; an overview of cybernetics and its founder, Norbert Wiener; separate sections dedicated to the connections between the computer and music, dance, poetry, painting, film, architecture, and graphics; a glossary; and a bibliography.
 
* [http://monoskop.org/log/?p=388 ''Cybernetic Serendipidity. The Computer and the Arts: a Studio International Special Issue''], ed. Jasia Reichardt, London: Studio International, Jul 1968; 2nd ed., rev., Sep 1968, 103 pp; repr., New York: Praeger, 1969, 101 pp; repr., London: Studio International Foundation, 2018, 101 pp. Exh. catalogue. Features a cover designed by Franciszka Themerson; an introduction by Jasia Reichardt; an overview of cybernetics and its founder, Norbert Wiener; separate sections dedicated to the connections between the computer and music, dance, poetry, painting, film, architecture, and graphics; a glossary; and a bibliography.
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* [https://monoskop.org/log/?p=20482 ''The Magazine of the Institute of Contemporary Arts'' 6: "Cybernetic Serendipidity"], ed. Jasia Reichardt, London: Institute of Contemporary Arts, Sep 1968, 38 pp. With texts by Daphne Oram, Max Bense, Petar Milojevic, and Nam June Paik. [https://www.beatbooks.com/pages/books/35847/cybernetic-serendipity/the-magazine-of-the-institute-of-contemporary-arts-no-6-london-september-1968/?soldItem=true]
 
* [https://monoskop.org/log/?p=20482 ''The Magazine of the Institute of Contemporary Arts'' 6: "Cybernetic Serendipidity"], ed. Jasia Reichardt, London: Institute of Contemporary Arts, Sep 1968, 38 pp. With texts by Daphne Oram, Max Bense, Petar Milojevic, and Nam June Paik. [https://www.beatbooks.com/pages/books/35847/cybernetic-serendipity/the-magazine-of-the-institute-of-contemporary-arts-no-6-london-september-1968/?soldItem=true]
  
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* ''Impulse Computerkunst: Graphik, Plastik, Musik, Film'', ed. Herbert W. Franke, Munich: Kunstverein München, 1970, 62 pp. Exh. held at Karl-Ernst-Osthaus Museum, Hagen, Feb 1970; Kunstverein München, Munich, 8 May-7 Jun 1970; Kunsthaus Hamburg, 12 Jun-12 Jul 1970; afterwards at Goethe-Institut internationally (Brussels, Oslo, Madrid, Zürich, Rome, Amsterdam, Lisbon, and elsewhere), 1971-1972. {{de}}
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* ''[[Media:Event One Computer Arts Society 1969.pdf|Event One]]'', London: Computer Arts Society, 1969, [22] pp. The first exhibition from the newly-formed Computer Arts Society; held at Royal College of Art, London, 29-30 Mar 1969. [https://computer-arts-society.com/casarchive/cas/event-one.html Publisher].
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* ''Generación automática de formas plásticas. Vol. 2, Formas computables'', ed. Ernesto García Camarero, Madrid: Centro de Cálculo de la Universidad de Madrid, 1969, [8]+[16] pp. Exh. held as the closing session of the seminars Automatic Generation of Plastic Forms for the 1968-69 academic year, at the Centro de Cálculo of the University of Madrid, from 25 June to 12 July 1969. [https://ucm.on.worldcat.org/oclc/1024546105] {{es}}
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* ''Computer-Kunst: On the Eve of Tomorrow'', ed. Käthe Schröder, Hannover: Clarissa -Contemporary-Art and G.-W.-Leibniz-Gesellschaft, 1969, [44] pp. [[Computerkunst_-_On_the_Eve_of_Tomorrow|Exh.]] held at Kubus Hannover, 19 Oct-12 Nov 1969. [https://www.mullenbooks.com/pages/books/153739/kathe-schroder-lutz-becker/computer-kunst-on-the-eve-of-tomorrow] {{de}}
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* ''[[Media:Tendencije_4_Tendencies_4_1970_part.pdf|Tendencije 4 / Tendencies 4: Zagreb, 1968-1969]]'', eds. Boris Kelemen and Radoslav Putar, Zagreb: Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, 1970, [146] pp. Texts and statements by Radoslav Putar, Almir Mavignier, Matko Meštrović, Enzo Mari, Alessandro Carlini, Bernhard Schneider, Alberto Biasi, Gianni Colombo, Milan Dobeš, Herbert W. Franke, Karl Gerstner, Rolf Glasmeier, Rolf Gravenhorst, Hein Gravenhorst, Dieter Hacker, John Gabriel Harries, Gottfried Jäger, Richard Kriesche, Max H. Mahlmann, Marcello Morandini, Zoran Radović, Bernhard Sandfort, Paolo Scheggi, Klaus Staudt, Josef Hermann Stiegler, Jorrit Tornquist, Gabriele de Vecchi, Herman de Vries.  {{sc}}/{{fr}},{{de}},{{it}},{{en}}
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* ''Impulse Computerkunst: Graphik, Plastik, Musik, Film'', ed. [[Herbert W. Franke]], Munich: Kunstverein München, 1970, 62 pp. Exh. held at Karl-Ernst-Osthaus Museum, Hagen, Feb 1970; Kunstverein München, Munich, 8 May-7 Jun 1970; Kunsthaus Hamburg, 12 Jun-12 Jul 1970; afterwards at Goethe-Institut internationally (Brussels, Oslo, Madrid, Zürich, Rome, Amsterdam, Lisbon, and elsewhere), 1971-1972. {{de}}
  
 
* ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=6711 Arte y cibernética]'', ed. Jorge Glusberg, Montevideo: Comision Nacional de Artes Plastica, Jun 1970, [19] pp. Exh. held at Galería Bonino, Buenos Aires, Aug-Sep 1969. [https://www.harpersbooks.com/pages/books/22076/jorge-glusberg-alfredo-ibarlucia/arte-y-cibernetica-first-exhibition-of-the-centre-of-studies-on-art-and-communication-of-the] {{es}}
 
* ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=6711 Arte y cibernética]'', ed. Jorge Glusberg, Montevideo: Comision Nacional de Artes Plastica, Jun 1970, [19] pp. Exh. held at Galería Bonino, Buenos Aires, Aug-Sep 1969. [https://www.harpersbooks.com/pages/books/22076/jorge-glusberg-alfredo-ibarlucia/arte-y-cibernetica-first-exhibition-of-the-centre-of-studies-on-art-and-communication-of-the] {{es}}
  
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* ''[[Media:Tendencije_4_Tendencies_4_1970_part.pdf|Tendencije 4 / Tendencies 4: Zagreb, 1968-1969]]'', eds. Boris Kelemen and Radoslav Putar, Zagreb: Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, 1970, [146] pp. Texts and statements by Radoslav Putar, Almir Mavignier, Matko Meštrović, Enzo Mari, Alessandro Carlini, Bernhard Schneider, Alberto Biasi, Gianni Colombo, Milan Dobeš, Herbert W. Franke, Karl Gerstner, Rolf Glasmeier, Rolf Gravenhorst, Hein Gravenhorst, Dieter Hacker, John Gabriel Harries, Gottfried Jäger, Richard Kriesche, Max H. Mahlmann, Marcello Morandini, Zoran Radović, Bernhard Sandfort, Paolo Scheggi, Klaus Staudt, Josef Hermann Stiegler, Jorrit Tornquist, Gabriele de Vecchi, Herman de Vries. {{sc}}/{{fr}},{{de}},{{it}},{{en}}
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* ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=2453 Interactive Sound and Visual Systems]'', ed. Charles A. Csuri, College of the Arts, Ohio State University, 1970, 31 pp. Exh. held at College of the Arts, Ohio State University, 25 Apr-12 May 1970.
  
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* ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=2453 Interactive Sound and Visual Systems]'', ed. Charles A. Csuri, College of the Arts, Ohio State University, 1970, 31 pp.
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* ''Generación automática de formas plásticas'', Madrid: Centro de Cálculo de la Universidad de Madrid, 1970, [24] pp. Exh. held 22 Jun-4 Jul 1970. [https://ucm.on.worldcat.org/oclc/1025253180] {{es}}
  
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* ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=5886 Software: Information Technology: Its New Meaning for Art]'', New York: Jewish Museum, 1970, 71 pp.
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* ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=5886 Software: Information Technology: Its New Meaning for Art]'', New York: Jewish Museum, 1970, 71 pp. [[Software_(exhibition)|Exh.]] held at Jewish Museum in Brooklyn, New York, 16 Sep-8 Nov 1970; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 16 Dec 1970-14 Feb 1971.  
  
 
* ''Computer plotter art: primeira mostra na América Latina'', ed. [[Waldemar Cordeiro]], São Paulo: Mini Galeria USIS, 1970. [https://icaa.mfah.org/s/en/item/1110487 Introduction]. {{br-pt}}
 
* ''Computer plotter art: primeira mostra na América Latina'', ed. [[Waldemar Cordeiro]], São Paulo: Mini Galeria USIS, 1970. [https://icaa.mfah.org/s/en/item/1110487 Introduction]. {{br-pt}}
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* ''Bilder'' 43: "Computer-Bilder", Vienna: Fotogalerie Wien, Nov 1988, [12] pp. Works by Graf & Zyx (A), Ingoneu (A), Margot Pilz (A), Helmut Rainer (A), Leo Schatzl (A). [http://www.fotogalerie-wien.at/content.php?id=64&jahr=1988&details=1] {{de}}
 
* ''Bilder'' 43: "Computer-Bilder", Vienna: Fotogalerie Wien, Nov 1988, [12] pp. Works by Graf & Zyx (A), Ingoneu (A), Margot Pilz (A), Helmut Rainer (A), Leo Schatzl (A). [http://www.fotogalerie-wien.at/content.php?id=64&jahr=1988&details=1] {{de}}
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* ''Leonardo'' 2: "Computer Art in Context: SIGGRAPH '89 Art Show Catalog", ed. Mark Resch, 1989. Supplemental issue. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/i270016]
  
 
* ''Počítačové umění v ČSSR a ve světě. 3. celostátní výstava s mezinárodní účastí'', ed. Lucie Holá, Prague: Dům techniky, 1989, 27 pp. Exh. held 11-16 Apr 1989. [[Computer_Art_in_ČSSR_and_in_the_World|Exhibition]]. [https://www.ndk.cz/view/uuid:0bf39370-55fd-11e9-8854-005056827e51 ] [https://cs.isabart.org/document/32740] [https://cs.isabart.org/exhibition/23533] {{cz}}
 
* ''Počítačové umění v ČSSR a ve světě. 3. celostátní výstava s mezinárodní účastí'', ed. Lucie Holá, Prague: Dům techniky, 1989, 27 pp. Exh. held 11-16 Apr 1989. [[Computer_Art_in_ČSSR_and_in_the_World|Exhibition]]. [https://www.ndk.cz/view/uuid:0bf39370-55fd-11e9-8854-005056827e51 ] [https://cs.isabart.org/document/32740] [https://cs.isabart.org/exhibition/23533] {{cz}}
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* ''[[Media:Ex Machina Early Computer Graphics Up to 1979 2007.pdf|Ex machina - frühe Computergrafik bis 1979: die Sammlungen Franke und weitere Stiftungen in der Kunsthalle Bremen. Herbert W. Franke zum 80. Geburtstag / Ex Machina: Early Computer Graphics Up to 1979]]'', eds. Wulf Herzogenrath, Barbara Nierhoff-Wielk, and Herbert W. Franke, Bremen: Kunsthalle Bremen, 2007, 503 pp, [https://archive.org/details/exmachinafruheco0000unse/ IA]. Exh. held at the Kunsthalle Bremen, 17 Jun-26 Aug 2007. [https://d-nb.info/982449690/04 TOC]. [http://www.kunsthalle-bremen.de/ausstellungen/rueckblick/?ref=ex+machina] [http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Ex-Machina-Computerkunst-in-Bremen-140604.html] [http://dada.compart-bremen.de/node/3970] {{de}}/{{en}}
 
* ''[[Media:Ex Machina Early Computer Graphics Up to 1979 2007.pdf|Ex machina - frühe Computergrafik bis 1979: die Sammlungen Franke und weitere Stiftungen in der Kunsthalle Bremen. Herbert W. Franke zum 80. Geburtstag / Ex Machina: Early Computer Graphics Up to 1979]]'', eds. Wulf Herzogenrath, Barbara Nierhoff-Wielk, and Herbert W. Franke, Bremen: Kunsthalle Bremen, 2007, 503 pp, [https://archive.org/details/exmachinafruheco0000unse/ IA]. Exh. held at the Kunsthalle Bremen, 17 Jun-26 Aug 2007. [https://d-nb.info/982449690/04 TOC]. [http://www.kunsthalle-bremen.de/ausstellungen/rueckblick/?ref=ex+machina] [http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Ex-Machina-Computerkunst-in-Bremen-140604.html] [http://dada.compart-bremen.de/node/3970] {{de}}/{{en}}
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* ''V&A Pattern: Digital Pioneers'', eds. Honor Beddard and Douglas Dodds, London: V&A Publishing, and Harry N. Abrams, 2009, 80 pp. With a CD. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110228024200/http://www.vam.ac.uk/exhibitions/future_exhibs/Digital%20Pioneers/index.html Exh.] held at Julie & Robert Breckman Prints and Drawings Gallery London, 7 Dec 2009-25 Apr 2010. [https://www.academia.edu/7599752] [https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14236/ewic/CAT2010.2]
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* ''Magyar művészek és a számítógép / Hungarian Artists and the Computer'', Budapest: Hungarian National Gallery, 2016. [https://mng.hu/kiallitasok/magyar-muveszek-es-a-szamitogep/] {{hu}}/{{en}}
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** Márton Orosz, [[Media:Orosz Marton 2016 Hungarians in the Early History of Computer Art.pdf|"Magyarok a komputerművészet korai történetében / Hungarians in the Early History of Computer Art"]], pp 16-53. [https://www.academia.edu/36531032/]
  
 
* ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=23084 A Little-Known Story About a Movement, a Magazine, and the Computer's Arrival in Art: New Tendencies and Bit International, 1961-1973]'', eds. [[Margit Rosen]] with [[Peter Weibel]], [[Darko Fritz]], and Marija Gattin, Karlsruhe: ZKM Center for Art and Media, and Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011, 576 pp. {{en}}
 
* ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=23084 A Little-Known Story About a Movement, a Magazine, and the Computer's Arrival in Art: New Tendencies and Bit International, 1961-1973]'', eds. [[Margit Rosen]] with [[Peter Weibel]], [[Darko Fritz]], and Marija Gattin, Karlsruhe: ZKM Center for Art and Media, and Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011, 576 pp. {{en}}
  
 
* ''Computational Arts in Canada 1967-1974'', ed. Adam Lauder, London, ON: McIntosh Gallery, 2020, 84 pp. [http://archive.neural.it/init/default/show/3171 TOC], [https://brownanddickson.com/products/9780771431425]
 
* ''Computational Arts in Canada 1967-1974'', ed. Adam Lauder, London, ON: McIntosh Gallery, 2020, 84 pp. [http://archive.neural.it/init/default/show/3171 TOC], [https://brownanddickson.com/products/9780771431425]
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* [[Darko Fritz]], ''Digitalna umjetnost u Hrvatskoj 1968. – 1984.'', Zagreb: Tehnički muzej Nikola Tesla (TMNT), 2020, 224 pp. [https://www.digitalna-umjetnost-u-hrvatskoj.eu/ Digital companion]. {{cr}}
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** ''Digital Art in Croatia 1968-1984'', Zagreb: Tehnički muzej Nikola Tesla (TMNT), 2022, 224 pp. [https://www.digitalna-umjetnost-u-hrvatskoj.eu/en Digital companion]. {{en}}
  
 
* ''Coded: Art Enters the Computer Age, 1952–1982'', ed. Lesle Jones, forew. Michael Govan, pref. Hannah B Higgins, Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and New York: DelMonico Books, 2023, 272 pp. Artists, writers, musicians, choreographers and filmmakers explore the possibilities of data, digitization and algorithms at the dawn of computer technology. Text by Bronac Ferran, Patrick Frank, Tiffany Funk, Meredith Hoy, Leslie Jones, Jennifer King, Lisa Gabrielle Mark, Joel McKim, Britt Salvesen, Edward Shanken, Staci Steinberger, Grant D. Taylor, Bobbye Tigerman, Debora Wood. [https://www.lacma.org/art/exhibition/coded-art-enters-computer-age-1952-1982 Exhibition]. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4Je-5698ZA Video]. Exh. review: [https://www.e-flux.com/criticism/528543/coded-art-enters-the-computer-age-1952-1982 Kim Córdova] (e-flux). [https://www.artbook.com/9781636810805.html]
 
* ''Coded: Art Enters the Computer Age, 1952–1982'', ed. Lesle Jones, forew. Michael Govan, pref. Hannah B Higgins, Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and New York: DelMonico Books, 2023, 272 pp. Artists, writers, musicians, choreographers and filmmakers explore the possibilities of data, digitization and algorithms at the dawn of computer technology. Text by Bronac Ferran, Patrick Frank, Tiffany Funk, Meredith Hoy, Leslie Jones, Jennifer King, Lisa Gabrielle Mark, Joel McKim, Britt Salvesen, Edward Shanken, Staci Steinberger, Grant D. Taylor, Bobbye Tigerman, Debora Wood. [https://www.lacma.org/art/exhibition/coded-art-enters-computer-age-1952-1982 Exhibition]. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4Je-5698ZA Video]. Exh. review: [https://www.e-flux.com/criticism/528543/coded-art-enters-the-computer-age-1952-1982 Kim Córdova] (e-flux). [https://www.artbook.com/9781636810805.html]
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 +
* ''Digital Art: 1960s to Now'', eds. Pita Arreola, Corinna Gardner, and Melanie Lenz, London: V&A Museum, and Thames & Hudson, 2024, 208 pp. [https://www.vam.ac.uk/shop/books/design-books/digital-art-1960s-to-now-169111.html Publisher], [https://www.thamesandhudsonusa.com/books/digital-art-1960s-to-now-hardcover]. [https://www.vam.ac.uk/season/2024/digital-art-season Events].
  
 
* ''Radical Software: Women, Art & Computing, 1960-1991'', ed. Michelle Cotton, Luxembourg: Mudam Luxembourg/Musée d'art moderne Grand-Duc Jean, Vienna: Kunsthalle Wien, and Cologne: Buchhandlung Walther und Franz König, 2024, 223 pp. With three new essays by Tina Rivers Ryan, Margit Rosen and Michelle Cotton. "The publication accompanies the exhibition surveying the history of digital art from a feminist perspective, focusing on women who worked with computers as a tool or subject and artists that worked in an inherently computational way. It also features a richly illustrated timeline covering the period between 1613 and 1991 and includes twenty-seven new interviews with artists." [https://kunsthallewien.at/en/publication-radical-software/ Publisher], [https://mudamstore.com/products/radical-software-women-art-computing-1960-1991]. Exhibitions: [https://www.mudam.com/exhibitions/radical-software MUDAM Luxembourg], 20 September-2 February 2025; [https://kunsthallewien.at/en/exhibition/radical-software/ Kunsthalle Wien], 28 February-25 May 2025, [https://kunsthallewien.at/en/radical-software-women-art-computing-1960-1991/ Artists & works], [https://cdn.contemporaryartlibrary.org/store/doc/66078/docfile/423b7dacd654a4a78dc309c43bb5b6a1.pdf]. [[Media:Radical Software Women Art and Computing 1960-1991 2024 booklet.pdf|Exh. booklet]]. [https://kunsthallewien.at/en/event/radical-software-symposium/ Symposium] (28 February 2025). Exh. reviews: [https://artreview.com/radical-software-women-art-computing-1960-1991-mudam-luxembourg-review-emily-mcdermott/ Emily McDermott] (ArtReview), [https://www.frieze.com/article/radical-software-women-art-computing-2025-review Kathrin Heinrich] (Frieze), [https://contemporary.burlington.org.uk/reviews/reviews/radical-software-women-art-computing-19601991 Marilena Borriello] (Burlington), [https://www.wallpaper.com/art/exhibitions-shows/radical-software-exhibition-review Will Jennings] (Wallpaper), [https://artishockrevista.com/2025/04/22/radical-software-women-art-computing-1960-1991/ Artishock], [https://artalk.info/news/genderova-archeologie-pocitacove-kultury Marika Kupková] (Artalk).
 
* ''Radical Software: Women, Art & Computing, 1960-1991'', ed. Michelle Cotton, Luxembourg: Mudam Luxembourg/Musée d'art moderne Grand-Duc Jean, Vienna: Kunsthalle Wien, and Cologne: Buchhandlung Walther und Franz König, 2024, 223 pp. With three new essays by Tina Rivers Ryan, Margit Rosen and Michelle Cotton. "The publication accompanies the exhibition surveying the history of digital art from a feminist perspective, focusing on women who worked with computers as a tool or subject and artists that worked in an inherently computational way. It also features a richly illustrated timeline covering the period between 1613 and 1991 and includes twenty-seven new interviews with artists." [https://kunsthallewien.at/en/publication-radical-software/ Publisher], [https://mudamstore.com/products/radical-software-women-art-computing-1960-1991]. Exhibitions: [https://www.mudam.com/exhibitions/radical-software MUDAM Luxembourg], 20 September-2 February 2025; [https://kunsthallewien.at/en/exhibition/radical-software/ Kunsthalle Wien], 28 February-25 May 2025, [https://kunsthallewien.at/en/radical-software-women-art-computing-1960-1991/ Artists & works], [https://cdn.contemporaryartlibrary.org/store/doc/66078/docfile/423b7dacd654a4a78dc309c43bb5b6a1.pdf]. [[Media:Radical Software Women Art and Computing 1960-1991 2024 booklet.pdf|Exh. booklet]]. [https://kunsthallewien.at/en/event/radical-software-symposium/ Symposium] (28 February 2025). Exh. reviews: [https://artreview.com/radical-software-women-art-computing-1960-1991-mudam-luxembourg-review-emily-mcdermott/ Emily McDermott] (ArtReview), [https://www.frieze.com/article/radical-software-women-art-computing-2025-review Kathrin Heinrich] (Frieze), [https://contemporary.burlington.org.uk/reviews/reviews/radical-software-women-art-computing-19601991 Marilena Borriello] (Burlington), [https://www.wallpaper.com/art/exhibitions-shows/radical-software-exhibition-review Will Jennings] (Wallpaper), [https://artishockrevista.com/2025/04/22/radical-software-women-art-computing-1960-1991/ Artishock], [https://artalk.info/news/genderova-archeologie-pocitacove-kultury Marika Kupková] (Artalk).
 
** ''Radical Software: Women, Art & Computing 1960–1991'', Luxembourg: Mudam Luxembourg/Musée d'art moderne Grand-Duc Jean, Vienna: Kunsthalle Wien, and Cologne: Buchhandlung Walther und Franz König, 2024, 224 pp. [https://kunsthallewien.at/publikation-radical-software/ Publisher], [https://mudamstore.com/products/radical-software-women-art-computing-1960-1991?variant=49193797452100]. {{de}}
 
** ''Radical Software: Women, Art & Computing 1960–1991'', Luxembourg: Mudam Luxembourg/Musée d'art moderne Grand-Duc Jean, Vienna: Kunsthalle Wien, and Cologne: Buchhandlung Walther und Franz König, 2024, 224 pp. [https://kunsthallewien.at/publikation-radical-software/ Publisher], [https://mudamstore.com/products/radical-software-women-art-computing-1960-1991?variant=49193797452100]. {{de}}
 +
 +
; Exhibitions without catalogues
 +
 +
* ''[https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3863?locale=en Thinking Machines: Art and Design in the Computer Age, 1959–1989]'', MoMA, New York, 13 Nov 2017-8 Apr 2018. [https://press.moma.org/wp-content/files_mf/thinkingmachines_pressrelease_final60.pdf Press release]. Exh. reviews: [https://sci-hub.st/10.1080/24751448.2018.1497380 Sean Anderson] (TAD), [https://sci-hub.st/10.1080/17547075.2018.1468684 Brian James] (Design & Cult), [https://www.studiointernational.com/thinking-machines-art-and-design-in-the-computer-age-review-moma Natasha Kurchanova] (Studio Int'l).
 +
 +
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20221218232020/https://www.coda-apeldoorn.nl/nl/agenda/behind-the-screens-1 Behind the screens. 50 jaar computerkunst]'', CODA Apeldoorn, 22 Jan-4 Jun 2023.
  
 
==Resources==
 
==Resources==
Line 99: Line 133:
 
* H.M. Paynter (ed.), ''[[Media:Paynter HM ed A Palimpsest on the Electronic Analog Art 1955.pdf|A Palimpsest on the Electronic Analog Art]]'', Boston, 1955, 270 pp.
 
* H.M. Paynter (ed.), ''[[Media:Paynter HM ed A Palimpsest on the Electronic Analog Art 1955.pdf|A Palimpsest on the Electronic Analog Art]]'', Boston, 1955, 270 pp.
  
−
* J.R. Pierce, [https://monoskop.org/log/?p=13473 "Portrait of the Machine as a Young Artist"], ''Playboy'' 12:6 (1965), pp 124-5 & 150 & 182 & 184.
+
* [https://monoskop.org/log/?p=3851 ''rot'' 19: "Computer-Grafik"], eds. Max Bense and Elisabeth Walther, Stuttgart, Feb 1965, 14 pp. {{de}}
 +
 
 +
* J.R. Pierce, [https://monoskop.org/log/?p=13473 "Portrait of the Machine as a Young Artist"], ''Playboy'' 12:6, Jun 1965, pp 124-5 & 150 & 182 & 184.
  
 
* [[Jasia Reichardt]], [https://www.studiointernational.com/index.php/computer-art-jasia-reichardt "Computer Art"], ''Studio International'' 173:889, May 1967, pp 222-223.
 
* [[Jasia Reichardt]], [https://www.studiointernational.com/index.php/computer-art-jasia-reichardt "Computer Art"], ''Studio International'' 173:889, May 1967, pp 222-223.
 +
 +
* ''Exakte Ästhetik'' 5: "Kunst aus dem Computer", ed. William E. Simmat, Stuttgart: Nadolski, 1967, 72 pp. [http://dada.compart-bremen.de/item/publication/382] {{de}}
 +
 +
* Lloyd Sumner, ''Computer Art and Human Response'', Charlottesville, VA: Paul B. Victorius, 1968, 96 pp. Review: [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/596759/summary Alan Sutcliffe] (Leonardo).
  
 
* [[Jasia Reichardt]], [https://www.studiointernational.com/index.php/cybernetic-serendipity-getting-rid-of-preconceptions-jasia-reichardt "Cybernetic Serendipity'—Getting Rid of Preconceptions"], ''Studio International'' 176:905, London, Nov 1968, pp 176-177.
 
* [[Jasia Reichardt]], [https://www.studiointernational.com/index.php/cybernetic-serendipity-getting-rid-of-preconceptions-jasia-reichardt "Cybernetic Serendipity'—Getting Rid of Preconceptions"], ''Studio International'' 176:905, London, Nov 1968, pp 176-177.
 +
 +
* ''Ordenadores en el arte. Generación automática de formas plásticas'', Madrid: Universidad de Madrid. Centro de Cálculo, 1969. [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=652607 TOC]. {{es}}
 +
 +
* [[Georg Nees]], ''Generative Computergraphik'', Munich: Siemens, 1969; repr., eds. Christoph Hoffmann and Hans-Christian von Herrmann, Zürich: diaphanes, 2006. Based on PhD thesis written under [[Max Bense]]. [https://www.diaphanes.net/buch/detail/1948]
  
 
* Dick Higgins, ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=7813 Computers for the Arts]'', Somerville, MA: Abyss Publications, 1970, 17 pp.
 
* Dick Higgins, ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=7813 Computers for the Arts]'', Somerville, MA: Abyss Publications, 1970, 17 pp.
 +
 +
* Günther Pfeiffer, "Kunst und Computer. Kybernetik – Informationsästhetik – Computer-Art", ''Magazin Kunst'' 39, Mainz, 1970. Survey article. {{de}
 +
 +
* ''L'ordinateur et la créativité'', Madrid: Centro de Cálculo de la Universidad de Madrid, 1970, 132 pp. Proceedings from conference. [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=655053 TOC]. {{fr}}
  
 
* [[Herbert W. Franke]], ''Computergraphik - Computerkunst'', Munich: Bruckmann, 1971; [https://libgen.li/edition.php?id=136740003 2nd ed., rev. & exp.], Heidelberg: Springer, 1985. The first comprehensive treatise on computer graphics, representing the state of the art in 1971, spanning graphics, sculpture, poetry, film, music, architecture, theater and dance. [http://dada.compart-bremen.de/item/publication/164] {{de}}
 
* [[Herbert W. Franke]], ''Computergraphik - Computerkunst'', Munich: Bruckmann, 1971; [https://libgen.li/edition.php?id=136740003 2nd ed., rev. & exp.], Heidelberg: Springer, 1985. The first comprehensive treatise on computer graphics, representing the state of the art in 1971, spanning graphics, sculpture, poetry, film, music, architecture, theater and dance. [http://dada.compart-bremen.de/item/publication/164] {{de}}
Line 113: Line 161:
  
 
* [[Jasia Reichardt]] (ed.), ''[[Media:Reichardt Jasia_ed_Cybernetics_Art_and_Ideas 1971.pdf|Cybernetics, Art and Ideas]]'', London: Studio Vista, 1971, 207 pp. [[Media:Reichardt Jasia 1971 Cybernetics Art and Ideas introduction.pdf|Introduction]]. Review: [http://sci-hub.st/10.2307/1572448 Thompson] (Leonardo).
 
* [[Jasia Reichardt]] (ed.), ''[[Media:Reichardt Jasia_ed_Cybernetics_Art_and_Ideas 1971.pdf|Cybernetics, Art and Ideas]]'', London: Studio Vista, 1971, 207 pp. [[Media:Reichardt Jasia 1971 Cybernetics Art and Ideas introduction.pdf|Introduction]]. Review: [http://sci-hub.st/10.2307/1572448 Thompson] (Leonardo).
 +
 +
* [[Abraham Moles]], Marie-Luce André, ''Art et ordinateur'', Paris: Casterman, 1971, 264 pp; new ed., rev. & exp., with Elisabeth Rohmer, Paris: Blusson, 1990, 318 pp. {{fr}}
 +
** ''Kunst und Computer'', trans. Barbara Ronge, Cologne: DuMont, 1973, 287 pp. {{de}}
 +
*** [[Media:Moles_Abraham_1971_1973_Kunst_und_Kybernetik_in_der_Konsumgesellschaft.pdf|"Kunst und Kybernetik in der Konsumgesellschaft, in Kunst und Computer"]], pp 37-98;  [[Media:Moles_Abraham_1971_1973_Die_Zukunft_des_beweglichen_Bildes_und_der_Computer.pdf|"Die Zukunft des beweglichen Bildes und der Computer"]], pp 234-277.
 +
** ''Artă şi ordinator'', trans. Claudia Dumitru and Ion Pascadi, pref. Ion Pascadi, Bucharest: Meridiane, 1974, 311 pp. {{ro}}
 +
** ''Arte e computador'', Afrontamento, 1990. {{pt}}
 +
 +
* Ernesto Garcia Camarero, "Computer Art", in ''La scienza e l'arte: nuove metodologie di ricerca scientifica sui fenomeni artistici'', ed. Ugo Volli, Milan: Gabriele Mazzotta, 1972. {{it}}
 +
 +
* Viktor Ernest Maşek (ed.), ''Estetică, informaţie, programare'' [Aesthetics. Information. Programming], Bucharest: Ştiinţifică, 1972, 216 pp. Anthology comprising important texts by A. Moles, M. Bense, H. Frank, S. Maser, K. Alsleben, but also Mihai Dinu, Cezar Radu, Stefan Niculescu, and others. {{ro}}
  
 
* Stewart Kranz, ''[[Media:Kranz_Stewart_Science_and_Technology_in_the_Arts_1974.pdf|Science & Technology in the Arts: A Tour Through the Realm of Science/Art]]'', New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1974, 335 pp, [https://archive.org/details/sciencetechnolog0000unse_q6r6/ IA].
 
* Stewart Kranz, ''[[Media:Kranz_Stewart_Science_and_Technology_in_the_Arts_1974.pdf|Science & Technology in the Arts: A Tour Through the Realm of Science/Art]]'', New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1974, 335 pp, [https://archive.org/details/sciencetechnolog0000unse_q6r6/ IA].
 +
 +
* [[Frieder Nake]], ''Ästhetik als Informationsverarbeitung'', Springer, 1974. {{de}}
  
 
* [[Ruth Leavitt]] (ed.), ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=229 Artist and Computer]'', Harmony Books, 1976, 121 pp.
 
* [[Ruth Leavitt]] (ed.), ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=229 Artist and Computer]'', Harmony Books, 1976, 121 pp.
  
 
* George Stiny, James Gips, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=615 Algorithmic Aesthetics: Computer Models for Criticism and Design in the Arts]'', University of California Press, 1978, 220 pp.
 
* George Stiny, James Gips, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=615 Algorithmic Aesthetics: Computer Models for Criticism and Design in the Arts]'', University of California Press, 1978, 220 pp.
 +
 +
* Frank J. Malina (ed.), ''Visual Art, Mathematics and Computers: Selections from the Journal Leonardo'', Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press, 1979. Commentary: [https://sci-hub.st/10.2307/1574474 Marc H. Bornstein] (Leonardo). Review: [https://sci-hub.st/10.1177/016224397600600130 Sci, Tech & Human Values].
 +
 +
* ''Konpyūta jidai no geijutsu: geijutsu to gijutsu no kyōsei o mezashite'' [コンピュータ時代の芸術: 芸術と技術の共生を目ざして], Tokyo: Shinkigensha (新紀元社), 1983, 379 pp. Proceedings of the 1st Fukushima International Seminar. {{jp}}
  
 
* [[Herbert W. Franke]], [[Media:Franke Herbert W 1985 The New Visual Age The Influence of Computer Graphics on Art and Society.pdf|"The New Visual Age: The Influence of Computer Graphics on Art and Society"]], ''Leonardo'' 18:2, 1985, pp 105-107. [https://doi.org/10.2307/1577879]
 
* [[Herbert W. Franke]], [[Media:Franke Herbert W 1985 The New Visual Age The Influence of Computer Graphics on Art and Society.pdf|"The New Visual Age: The Influence of Computer Graphics on Art and Society"]], ''Leonardo'' 18:2, 1985, pp 105-107. [https://doi.org/10.2307/1577879]
 +
 +
* Hiroshi Kawano (川野洋), ''Konpyūta to bigaku: jinkō chinō no geijutsu o saguru'' [コンピュータと美学 : 人工知能の芸術をさぐる], Tokyo: Daigaku Shuppankai (東京大学出版会), 1984, iv+341 pp. {{jp}}
 +
 +
* Koichi Omura, Yoichiro Kawaguchi, Suma Noji (eds.), ''CG in Japan'', Tokyo: Graphic-Sha, 1985, 142 pp. {{jp}}/{{en}}
  
 
* Frank Dietrich, [[Media:Dietrich Frank Visual Intelligence The First Decade of Computer Art 1965-1975 1986.pdf|"Visual Intelligence: The First Decade of Computer Art (1965-1975)"]], ''Leonardo'' 19:2, MIT Press, Apr 1986, pp 159-169.
 
* Frank Dietrich, [[Media:Dietrich Frank Visual Intelligence The First Decade of Computer Art 1965-1975 1986.pdf|"Visual Intelligence: The First Decade of Computer Art (1965-1975)"]], ''Leonardo'' 19:2, MIT Press, Apr 1986, pp 159-169.
 +
 +
* Imrich Bertók, Ivo Janoušek, ''Počítače a umenie'', Bratislava: SPN, 1989. {{sk}}
  
 
* ''Art Journal'' 49(3): "Computers and Art: Issues of Content", Autumn 1990.
 
* ''Art Journal'' 49(3): "Computers and Art: Issues of Content", Autumn 1990.
Line 135: Line 205:
 
* Matthias Weiss, [http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/themen/generative_tools/computer_art/scroll/ "Was ist Computerkunst? Ein Antwortversuch und Beispiele zur Auslegung"], ''MedienKunstNetz'', 2004. {{de}}
 
* Matthias Weiss, [http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/themen/generative_tools/computer_art/scroll/ "Was ist Computerkunst? Ein Antwortversuch und Beispiele zur Auslegung"], ''MedienKunstNetz'', 2004. {{de}}
 
** [http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/themes/generative-tools/computer_art/scroll/ "What is Computer Art? An Attempt Towards an Answer and Examples of Interpretation"], ''MediaArtNet'', 2004.
 
** [http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/themes/generative-tools/computer_art/scroll/ "What is Computer Art? An Attempt Towards an Answer and Examples of Interpretation"], ''MediaArtNet'', 2004.
 +
 +
* [[Marina Gržinić]] (ed.), ''The Future of Computer Arts & The History of the International Festival of Computer Arts, Maribor, 1995-2004'', Maribor: MKC, and Ljubljana: Maska, 2004. [http://nova.maska.si/en/publications/transformacije_series/marina_grzinic_mauhler_the_future_of_computer_arts/] {{en}}
 +
 +
* [[Miklós Peternák]], [https://monoskop.org/images/1/13/Weibel_Peter_ed_Beyond_Art_A_Third_Culture_2005.pdf#page=339 "Hungarian Computer Art"], in ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=699 Beyond Art: A Third Culture. A Comparative Study in Cultures, Art and Science in 20th Century Austria and Hungary]'', ed. Peter Weibel, Vienna: Springer, 2005, pp 338-340. {{en}}
  
 
* Paul A. Fishwick (ed.), ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=235 Aesthetic Computing]'', MIT Press, 2006, 457 pp.
 
* Paul A. Fishwick (ed.), ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=235 Aesthetic Computing]'', MIT Press, 2006, 457 pp.
Line 151: Line 225:
  
 
* Dominic Lopes, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=2403 A Philosophy of Computer Art]'', Routledge, 2009, 160 pp.
 
* Dominic Lopes, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=2403 A Philosophy of Computer Art]'', Routledge, 2009, 160 pp.
−
 
−
* Honor Beddard, Douglas Dodds, ''V&A Pattern: Digital Pioneers'', London: V&A Publishing, 2009, 78 pp. Catalogue. [https://www.academia.edu/7599752]
 
  
 
* ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=3588 CAT 2010: Ideas Before Their Time: Connecting the Past and Present in Computer Art]'', eds. Nick Lambert, Jeremy Gardiner and Francesca Franco, BCS – The Chartered Institute for IT, 2010, 192 pp. Conference proceedings.
 
* ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=3588 CAT 2010: Ideas Before Their Time: Connecting the Past and Present in Computer Art]'', eds. Nick Lambert, Jeremy Gardiner and Francesca Franco, BCS – The Chartered Institute for IT, 2010, 192 pp. Conference proceedings.
Line 188: Line 260:
  
 
* [https://pianob.unibo.it/issue/view/1131 ''Piano B'' 7(2): "Il computer nelle arti visive e nella culturavisuale in Italia nella information age"], ed. Francesco Spampinato, Bologna: Dipartimento delle Arti, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, 2022, iv+231+18 pp, [[Media:Il computer nelle arti visive e nella cultura visuale in Italia nella information age 2022.pdf|PDF]]. [https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2531-9876/16357 DOI]. {{it}}
 
* [https://pianob.unibo.it/issue/view/1131 ''Piano B'' 7(2): "Il computer nelle arti visive e nella culturavisuale in Italia nella information age"], ed. Francesco Spampinato, Bologna: Dipartimento delle Arti, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, 2022, iv+231+18 pp, [[Media:Il computer nelle arti visive e nella cultura visuale in Italia nella information age 2022.pdf|PDF]]. [https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2531-9876/16357 DOI]. {{it}}
 +
 +
* [[Dušan Barok]], [[Media:Barok_Dusan_2023_Looking_to_the_Future_Science_Technology_and_Utopia.pdf|"Looking to the Future: Science, Technology, and Utopia"]], in ''Multiple Realities: Experimental Art in the Eastern Bloc, 1960s–1980s'', ed. Pavel S. Pyś, Minneapolis, MN: Walker Art Center, 2023, pp 445-460. [https://walkerart.org/calendar/2023/multiple-realities-experimental-art-in-the-eastern-bloc-1960s-1980s Exhibition]. {{en}}
  
 
* [[Catherine Mason]] (ed.), ''[https://aaaaarg.fail/thing/666c0bbe9ff37c0caa2e81c3 Creative Simulations: George Mallen and the Early Computer Arts Society]'', Springer, 2024, xiii+201 pp. [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-50620-8 Publisher].
 
* [[Catherine Mason]] (ed.), ''[https://aaaaarg.fail/thing/666c0bbe9ff37c0caa2e81c3 Creative Simulations: George Mallen and the Early Computer Arts Society]'', Springer, 2024, xiii+201 pp. [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-50620-8 Publisher].
Line 198: Line 272:
 
; Bibliography
 
; Bibliography
 
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20170629174324if_/http://computerkunst.org/Lit_early_dig_computerart.html Bibliography compiled by Christoph Kluetsch]
 
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20170629174324if_/http://computerkunst.org/Lit_early_dig_computerart.html Bibliography compiled by Christoph Kluetsch]
−
 
−
==Recent exhibitions==
 
−
* ''[https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3863?locale=en Thinking Machines: Art and Design in the Computer Age, 1959–1989]'', MoMA, New York, 13 Nov 2017-8 Apr 2018.
 
−
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20221218232020/https://www.coda-apeldoorn.nl/nl/agenda/behind-the-screens-1 Behind the screens. 50 jaar computerkunst]'', CODA Apeldoorn, 22 Jan-4 Jun 2023.
 
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==

Latest revision as of 21:51, 23 July 2025

José María Yturralde, Homenaje a Velázquez, «Prismas» series, 1977. Balsa wood and various techniques, 250 × 200 × 250 cm, 50 cm/cube. [1] [2]
Sonya Rapoport, Anasazi Series, Panel II, Page 2, 1977. Prismacolor, graphite, colored type, and dot-matrix print on computer printout paper, 38 x 419 cm. [3]
Grace C. Hertlein, City Painting, c.1972. Print, computer-generated, 61 x 42 cm. ZKM.
Vera Molnár, À la recherche de Paul Klee, 1970. Ink plotter drawing, 74 x 74 cm. LACMA.
Colette Bangert, Charles Bangert, Land Coils, 1968. Computer, plotter, black ink on paper, 58 x 47 cm. LACMA.
Charlotte Johannesson, Digital Human, 1981-1986. Computer graphics plotted on paper, 23.5 x 31.5 cm.

'Computer art' is the generation of aesthetic objects with the aid of software on a digital computer. Its history started in 1965. Three exhibitions took place that year, which are acknowledged as first public presentations of digital art: Georg Nees at the Studiengalerie of the University of Stuttgart (5-19 February 1965); A. Michael Noll and Bela Julesz at Howard Wise Gallery, New York (6-24 April 1965); Frieder Nake and Georg Nees at Galerie Wendelin Niedlich, Stuttgart (5-26 November 1965)... The picture changes slightly, when we closely look at the time when these researcher-artists started their experiments in algorithmic art: Noll in 1962, Nake in 1963, Nees in 1964. All these dates refer to "digital" art and computers. Ben F. Laposky had started to work with analogue equipment in 1952. Herbert W. Franke followed in Austria in 1959, and Kurd Alsleben in Hamburg around 1960."
– Frieder Nake

Artists, writers, events[edit]

Magazines[edit]

  • Leonardo, ed. Frank Malina (later Roger F. Malina), Paris (later San Francisco), 1968–present. Website.
  • PAGE, London: Computer Arts Society, 1969-1985 & 2004-2011.

Group exhibition catalogues[edit]

  • Arte programmata: arte cinetica, opere moltiplicate, opera aperta [Programmed Art: Kinetic Art, Multiplied Works, Open Works], Milan: Galleria Vittorio Emanuele, 1962, 32 pp. Text by Umberto Eco. Works by Bruno Munari, Enzo Mari, Gruppo T, Gruppo N, Getulio Alviani, GRAV, et al. Organised by Bruno Munari and Giorgio Soavi; sponsored by Olivetti. Exh. held in Milan, May 1962; Piazza S. Marco, Venice, Jul-Aug 1962; Genova, 1962; Piazza Barberini, Rome, Oct 1962; Galleria La Cavana, Trieste, 1962; Tokyo, 1962; Goppinger Galerie, Düsseldorf, 1963; Royal College of Art, London, Jul 1964; Loeb Student Center, New York, 1964; and circulated across other venues in the US by the Smithsonian Institution. Video documentation (10 min). [4] (Italian),(French),(English)
  • Computer Graphics, ed. Jiří Valoch, Brno: Dům umění města Brna, 1968, 16 pp. Exh. held at the House of Arts, Brno, 4 Feb-3 Mar 1968; Oblastní Galerie Vysočiny, Jihlava, Mar 1968; Oblastní galerie výtvarného umění, Zlín, Apr 1968. (Czech)
  • Cybernetic Serendipidity. The Computer and the Arts: a Studio International Special Issue, ed. Jasia Reichardt, London: Studio International, Jul 1968; 2nd ed., rev., Sep 1968, 103 pp; repr., New York: Praeger, 1969, 101 pp; repr., London: Studio International Foundation, 2018, 101 pp. Exh. catalogue. Features a cover designed by Franciszka Themerson; an introduction by Jasia Reichardt; an overview of cybernetics and its founder, Norbert Wiener; separate sections dedicated to the connections between the computer and music, dance, poetry, painting, film, architecture, and graphics; a glossary; and a bibliography.
  • Event One, London: Computer Arts Society, 1969, [22] pp. The first exhibition from the newly-formed Computer Arts Society; held at Royal College of Art, London, 29-30 Mar 1969. Publisher.
  • Generación automática de formas plásticas. Vol. 2, Formas computables, ed. Ernesto García Camarero, Madrid: Centro de Cálculo de la Universidad de Madrid, 1969, [8]+[16] pp. Exh. held as the closing session of the seminars Automatic Generation of Plastic Forms for the 1968-69 academic year, at the Centro de Cálculo of the University of Madrid, from 25 June to 12 July 1969. [7] (Spanish)
  • Computer-Kunst: On the Eve of Tomorrow, ed. Käthe Schröder, Hannover: Clarissa -Contemporary-Art and G.-W.-Leibniz-Gesellschaft, 1969, [44] pp. Exh. held at Kubus Hannover, 19 Oct-12 Nov 1969. [8] (German)
  • Tendencije 4 / Tendencies 4: Zagreb, 1968-1969, eds. Boris Kelemen and Radoslav Putar, Zagreb: Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, 1970, [146] pp. Texts and statements by Radoslav Putar, Almir Mavignier, Matko Meštrović, Enzo Mari, Alessandro Carlini, Bernhard Schneider, Alberto Biasi, Gianni Colombo, Milan Dobeš, Herbert W. Franke, Karl Gerstner, Rolf Glasmeier, Rolf Gravenhorst, Hein Gravenhorst, Dieter Hacker, John Gabriel Harries, Gottfried Jäger, Richard Kriesche, Max H. Mahlmann, Marcello Morandini, Zoran Radović, Bernhard Sandfort, Paolo Scheggi, Klaus Staudt, Josef Hermann Stiegler, Jorrit Tornquist, Gabriele de Vecchi, Herman de Vries. (Serbo-Croatian)/(French),(German),(Italian),(English)
  • Impulse Computerkunst: Graphik, Plastik, Musik, Film, ed. Herbert W. Franke, Munich: Kunstverein München, 1970, 62 pp. Exh. held at Karl-Ernst-Osthaus Museum, Hagen, Feb 1970; Kunstverein München, Munich, 8 May-7 Jun 1970; Kunsthaus Hamburg, 12 Jun-12 Jul 1970; afterwards at Goethe-Institut internationally (Brussels, Oslo, Madrid, Zürich, Rome, Amsterdam, Lisbon, and elsewhere), 1971-1972. (German)
  • Arte y cibernética, ed. Jorge Glusberg, Montevideo: Comision Nacional de Artes Plastica, Jun 1970, [19] pp. Exh. held at Galería Bonino, Buenos Aires, Aug-Sep 1969. [9] (Spanish)
  • Interactive Sound and Visual Systems, ed. Charles A. Csuri, College of the Arts, Ohio State University, 1970, 31 pp. Exh. held at College of the Arts, Ohio State University, 25 Apr-12 May 1970.
  • Generación automática de formas plásticas, Madrid: Centro de Cálculo de la Universidad de Madrid, 1970, [24] pp. Exh. held 22 Jun-4 Jul 1970. [10] (Spanish)
  • Computer plotter art: primeira mostra na América Latina, ed. Waldemar Cordeiro, São Paulo: Mini Galeria USIS, 1970. Introduction. (Brazilian Portuguese)
  • Arteônica: o uso criativo de meios eletrônicos nas artes, ed. Waldemar Cordeiro, São Paulo: das Américas, 1972. Exh. held at the FAAP (Fundação Armando Álvares Penteado) in São Paulo in March 1971. Introduction. (Brazilian Portuguese)
  • Computer Art, ed. Laxmi P. Sihare, New Delhi: National Gallery of Modern Art, 1972, 57 pp.
  • Women and Computer Graphics: An Art for the Future, Salem, VA: Roanoke College Art Gallery, 1983, [1] p. Exh. featured the work of more than twenty female artists working with technology: Marilyn Albers, Eliz Stephens-Koesters, Terry Blum, Eudice Feder, Darcy Gerbarg, Colette Bangert, Copper Giloth, Deborah Gorchos, Margot Lovejoy, Alyce Kaprow, Eleanor Kent, Vibeke Sorenson, Bonnie MacDonald, Susan Hamilton, Joan Shafran, Barbara Nessim, Sheila Pinkel, Zsuzanna Molnar, Ruth Leavitt, Joan Truckenbrod, Christa Schubert, Joanne Culver, Sonia Sheridan, Barbara Sykes. [12]
  • Bilder 43: "Computer-Bilder", Vienna: Fotogalerie Wien, Nov 1988, [12] pp. Works by Graf & Zyx (A), Ingoneu (A), Margot Pilz (A), Helmut Rainer (A), Leo Schatzl (A). [14] (German)
  • Leonardo 2: "Computer Art in Context: SIGGRAPH '89 Art Show Catalog", ed. Mark Resch, 1989. Supplemental issue. [15]
  • Počítačové umění v ČSSR a ve světě. 3. celostátní výstava s mezinárodní účastí, ed. Lucie Holá, Prague: Dům techniky, 1989, 27 pp. Exh. held 11-16 Apr 1989. Exhibition. [16] [17] [18] (Czech)
  • Počítačová grafika vo výtvarnom umení, ed. Zuzana Bartková and Martin Šperka, Banská Bystrica: Štátna galéria, 1992, [32] pp. (Slovak)
  • V&A Pattern: Digital Pioneers, eds. Honor Beddard and Douglas Dodds, London: V&A Publishing, and Harry N. Abrams, 2009, 80 pp. With a CD. Exh. held at Julie & Robert Breckman Prints and Drawings Gallery London, 7 Dec 2009-25 Apr 2010. [22] [23]
  • Computational Arts in Canada 1967-1974, ed. Adam Lauder, London, ON: McIntosh Gallery, 2020, 84 pp. TOC, [26]
  • Darko Fritz, Digitalna umjetnost u Hrvatskoj 1968. – 1984., Zagreb: Tehnički muzej Nikola Tesla (TMNT), 2020, 224 pp. Digital companion. (Croatian)
    • Digital Art in Croatia 1968-1984, Zagreb: Tehnički muzej Nikola Tesla (TMNT), 2022, 224 pp. Digital companion. (English)
  • Coded: Art Enters the Computer Age, 1952–1982, ed. Lesle Jones, forew. Michael Govan, pref. Hannah B Higgins, Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and New York: DelMonico Books, 2023, 272 pp. Artists, writers, musicians, choreographers and filmmakers explore the possibilities of data, digitization and algorithms at the dawn of computer technology. Text by Bronac Ferran, Patrick Frank, Tiffany Funk, Meredith Hoy, Leslie Jones, Jennifer King, Lisa Gabrielle Mark, Joel McKim, Britt Salvesen, Edward Shanken, Staci Steinberger, Grant D. Taylor, Bobbye Tigerman, Debora Wood. Exhibition. Video. Exh. review: Kim Córdova (e-flux). [27]
  • Digital Art: 1960s to Now, eds. Pita Arreola, Corinna Gardner, and Melanie Lenz, London: V&A Museum, and Thames & Hudson, 2024, 208 pp. Publisher, [28]. Events.
  • Radical Software: Women, Art & Computing, 1960-1991, ed. Michelle Cotton, Luxembourg: Mudam Luxembourg/Musée d'art moderne Grand-Duc Jean, Vienna: Kunsthalle Wien, and Cologne: Buchhandlung Walther und Franz König, 2024, 223 pp. With three new essays by Tina Rivers Ryan, Margit Rosen and Michelle Cotton. "The publication accompanies the exhibition surveying the history of digital art from a feminist perspective, focusing on women who worked with computers as a tool or subject and artists that worked in an inherently computational way. It also features a richly illustrated timeline covering the period between 1613 and 1991 and includes twenty-seven new interviews with artists." Publisher, [29]. Exhibitions: MUDAM Luxembourg, 20 September-2 February 2025; Kunsthalle Wien, 28 February-25 May 2025, Artists & works, [30]. Exh. booklet. Symposium (28 February 2025). Exh. reviews: Emily McDermott (ArtReview), Kathrin Heinrich (Frieze), Marilena Borriello (Burlington), Will Jennings (Wallpaper), Artishock, Marika Kupková (Artalk).
    • Radical Software: Women, Art & Computing 1960–1991, Luxembourg: Mudam Luxembourg/Musée d'art moderne Grand-Duc Jean, Vienna: Kunsthalle Wien, and Cologne: Buchhandlung Walther und Franz König, 2024, 224 pp. Publisher, [31]. (German)
Exhibitions without catalogues

Resources[edit]

Literature[edit]

  • Exakte Ästhetik 5: "Kunst aus dem Computer", ed. William E. Simmat, Stuttgart: Nadolski, 1967, 72 pp. [33] (German)
  • Lloyd Sumner, Computer Art and Human Response, Charlottesville, VA: Paul B. Victorius, 1968, 96 pp. Review: Alan Sutcliffe (Leonardo).
  • Ordenadores en el arte. Generación automática de formas plásticas, Madrid: Universidad de Madrid. Centro de Cálculo, 1969. TOC. (Spanish)
  • Georg Nees, Generative Computergraphik, Munich: Siemens, 1969; repr., eds. Christoph Hoffmann and Hans-Christian von Herrmann, Zürich: diaphanes, 2006. Based on PhD thesis written under Max Bense. [34]
  • Günther Pfeiffer, "Kunst und Computer. Kybernetik – Informationsästhetik – Computer-Art", Magazin Kunst 39, Mainz, 1970. Survey article. {{de}
  • L'ordinateur et la créativité, Madrid: Centro de Cálculo de la Universidad de Madrid, 1970, 132 pp. Proceedings from conference. TOC. (French)
  • Ernesto Garcia Camarero, "Computer Art", in La scienza e l'arte: nuove metodologie di ricerca scientifica sui fenomeni artistici, ed. Ugo Volli, Milan: Gabriele Mazzotta, 1972. (Italian)
  • Viktor Ernest Maşek (ed.), Estetică, informaţie, programare [Aesthetics. Information. Programming], Bucharest: Ştiinţifică, 1972, 216 pp. Anthology comprising important texts by A. Moles, M. Bense, H. Frank, S. Maser, K. Alsleben, but also Mihai Dinu, Cezar Radu, Stefan Niculescu, and others. (Romanian)
  • Frieder Nake, Ästhetik als Informationsverarbeitung, Springer, 1974. (German)
  • Frank J. Malina (ed.), Visual Art, Mathematics and Computers: Selections from the Journal Leonardo, Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press, 1979. Commentary: Marc H. Bornstein (Leonardo). Review: Sci, Tech & Human Values.
  • Konpyūta jidai no geijutsu: geijutsu to gijutsu no kyōsei o mezashite [コンピュータ時代の芸術: 芸術と技術の共生を目ざして], Tokyo: Shinkigensha (新紀元社), 1983, 379 pp. Proceedings of the 1st Fukushima International Seminar. (Japanese)
  • Hiroshi Kawano (川野洋), Konpyūta to bigaku: jinkō chinō no geijutsu o saguru [コンピュータと美学 : 人工知能の芸術をさぐる], Tokyo: Daigaku Shuppankai (東京大学出版会), 1984, iv+341 pp. (Japanese)
  • Koichi Omura, Yoichiro Kawaguchi, Suma Noji (eds.), CG in Japan, Tokyo: Graphic-Sha, 1985, 142 pp. (Japanese)/(English)
  • Imrich Bertók, Ivo Janoušek, Počítače a umenie, Bratislava: SPN, 1989. (Slovak)
  • Marina Gržinić (ed.), The Future of Computer Arts & The History of the International Festival of Computer Arts, Maribor, 1995-2004, Maribor: MKC, and Ljubljana: Maska, 2004. [37] (English)
  • Arie Altena, Lucas van der Velden (eds.), The Anthology of Computer Art. Sonic Acts XI, Amsterdam: Sonic Acts, 2006, 94 pp. [38] [39]
  • Catherine Mason, A Computer in the Art Room: The Origins of British Computer Arts 1950-80, London: Quiller Press, 2008, 250 pp. Reviews: Nick Lambert (Animation), Rhea Myers (Furtherfield).
  • Paul Brown, Charlie Gere, Nicholas Lambert, Catherine Mason (eds.), White Heat Cold Logic: British Computer Art 1960-1980, MIT Press (Leonardo), 2008, 464 pp, IA. Introduction; Publisher.
  • Edward A. Shanken, Art and Electronic Media, London: Phaidon, 2009. Survey essay. [41]
  • Patrick Frank, Sharing Code: Art1, Frederick Hammersley, and the Dawn of Computer Art, forew. Joseph Traugott, Museum of New Mexico Press, 2020, 160 pp. Publisher.
More
Bibliography

See also[edit]


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