Difference between revisions of "Computer art"
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− | == | + | ==Magazines== |
− | * [http:// | + | * [http://monoskop.org/log/?p=3851 ''rot'' 19: "Computer-Grafik"], eds. Max Bense and Elisabeth Walther, 1968. {{de}} |
− | * [http:// | + | * ''[[New Tendencies#Publications|Bit International: teorija informacija i nova estetika]]'', 9 numbers (7 issues), ed. Božo Bek, Zagreb: Galerije Grada Zagreba, 1968-1972. {{multi}} |
− | * [http:// | + | * ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=2275 PAGE]'', London: Computer Arts Society, 1969-1985 & 2004-2011. |
− | * | + | * ''[http://recodeproject.com/ Computer Graphics and Art]'', 12 issues, ed. Grace C. Hertlein, Chico, CA: Berkeley Enterprises, Feb 1976-Nov 1978. |
− | + | ||
− | + | ==Group exhibition catalogues== | |
+ | |||
+ | * ''Arte programmata: arte cinetica, opere moltiplicate, opera aperta'' [Programmed Art: Kinetic Art, Multiplied Works, Open Works], Milan: Galleria Vittorio Emanuele, 1962, 32 pp. Text by [[Umberto Eco]]. Works by Bruno Munari, Enzo Mari, [[Gruppo T]], Gruppo N, Getulio Alviani, GRAV, et al. Organised by [[Bruno Munari]] and Giorgio Soavi; sponsored by Olivetti. Exh. held in Milan, May 1962; Piazza S. Marco, Venice, Jul-Aug 1962; Genova, 1962; Piazza Barberini, Rome, Oct 1962; Galleria La Cavana, Trieste, 1962; Tokyo, 1962; Goppinger Galerie, Düsseldorf, 1963; Royal College of Art, London, Jul 1964; Loeb Student Center, New York, 1964; and circulated across other venues in the US by the Smithsonian Institution. [http://youtube.com/watch?v=iji_cT9L6RQ Video documentation] (10 min). [http://www.reprogrammed-art.cc/library/33/Arte-programmata.-Arte-cinetica.-Opere-moltiplicate.-Opera-aperta.] {{it}},{{fr}},{{en}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | * ''Herstellung von zeichnerischen Darstellungen, Tonfolgen und Texten mit elektronischen Rechenanlagen. Programm-Information PI-21'', Darmstadt: Deutsches Rechenzentrum Darmstadt, 1966. {{de}} | ||
− | |||
* ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=3854 Computer Graphics]'', ed. Jiří Valoch, Brno: Dům umění města Brna, 1968, 16 pp. {{cz}} | * ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=3854 Computer Graphics]'', ed. Jiří Valoch, Brno: Dům umění města Brna, 1968, 16 pp. {{cz}} | ||
− | * | + | |
− | * '' | + | * [http://monoskop.org/log/?p=388 ''Cybernetic Serendipidity. The Computer and the Arts: a Studio International Special Issue''], ed. Jasia Reichardt, London: Studio International, Jul 1968; 2nd ed., rev., Sep 1968, 103 pp; repr., New York: Praeger, 1969, 101 pp; repr., London: Studio International Foundation, 2018, 101 pp. Exh. catalogue. Features a cover designed by Franciszka Themerson; an introduction by Jasia Reichardt; an overview of cybernetics and its founder, Norbert Wiener; separate sections dedicated to the connections between the computer and music, dance, poetry, painting, film, architecture, and graphics; a glossary; and a bibliography. |
+ | |||
+ | * [https://monoskop.org/log/?p=20482 ''The Magazine of the Institute of Contemporary Arts'' 5: "Cybernetic Serendipidity"], ed. Jasia Reichardt, London: Institute of Contemporary Arts, Aug 1968, 38 pp. With texts by Martin Gardner, Pierre Barbaud, and Charles Csuri. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [https://monoskop.org/log/?p=20482 ''The Magazine of the Institute of Contemporary Arts'' 6: "Cybernetic Serendipidity"], ed. Jasia Reichardt, London: Institute of Contemporary Arts, Sep 1968, 38 pp. With texts by Daphne Oram, Max Bense, Petar Milojevic, and Nam June Paik. [https://www.beatbooks.com/pages/books/35847/cybernetic-serendipity/the-magazine-of-the-institute-of-contemporary-arts-no-6-london-september-1968/?soldItem=true] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * ''Impulse Computerkunst: Graphik, Plastik, Musik, Film'', ed. Herbert W. Franke, Munich: Kunstverein München, 1970, 62 pp. Exh. held at Karl-Ernst-Osthaus Museum, Hagen, Feb 1970; Kunstverein München, Munich, 8 May-7 Jun 1970; Kunsthaus Hamburg, 12 Jun-12 Jul 1970; afterwards at Goethe-Institut internationally (Brussels, Oslo, Madrid, Zürich, Rome, Amsterdam, Lisbon, and elsewhere), 1971-1972. {{de}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | * ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=6711 Arte y cibernética]'', ed. Jorge Glusberg, Montevideo: Comision Nacional de Artes Plastica, Jun 1970, [19] pp. Exh. held at Galería Bonino, Buenos Aires, Aug-Sep 1969. [https://www.harpersbooks.com/pages/books/22076/jorge-glusberg-alfredo-ibarlucia/arte-y-cibernetica-first-exhibition-of-the-centre-of-studies-on-art-and-communication-of-the] {{es}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | * ''[[Media:Tendencije_4_Tendencies_4_1970_part.pdf|Tendencije 4 / Tendencies 4: Zagreb, 1968-1969]]'', eds. Boris Kelemen and Radoslav Putar, Zagreb: Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, 1970, [146] pp. Texts and statements by Radoslav Putar, Almir Mavignier, Matko Meštrović, Enzo Mari, Alessandro Carlini, Bernhard Schneider, Alberto Biasi, Gianni Colombo, Milan Dobeš, Herbert W. Franke, Karl Gerstner, Rolf Glasmeier, Rolf Gravenhorst, Hein Gravenhorst, Dieter Hacker, John Gabriel Harries, Gottfried Jäger, Richard Kriesche, Max H. Mahlmann, Marcello Morandini, Zoran Radović, Bernhard Sandfort, Paolo Scheggi, Klaus Staudt, Josef Hermann Stiegler, Jorrit Tornquist, Gabriele de Vecchi, Herman de Vries. {{sc}}/{{fr}},{{de}},{{it}},{{en}} | ||
+ | |||
* ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=2453 Interactive Sound and Visual Systems]'', ed. Charles A. Csuri, College of the Arts, Ohio State University, 1970, 31 pp. | * ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=2453 Interactive Sound and Visual Systems]'', ed. Charles A. Csuri, College of the Arts, Ohio State University, 1970, 31 pp. | ||
− | + | ||
* ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=5886 Software: Information Technology: Its New Meaning for Art]'', New York: Jewish Museum, 1970, 71 pp. | * ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=5886 Software: Information Technology: Its New Meaning for Art]'', New York: Jewish Museum, 1970, 71 pp. | ||
+ | |||
* ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=9616 Computer Art]'', ed. Laxmi P. Sihare, New Delhi: National Gallery of Modern Art, 1972, 57 pp. | * ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=9616 Computer Art]'', ed. Laxmi P. Sihare, New Delhi: National Gallery of Modern Art, 1972, 57 pp. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * ''[[Media:International Computer Arts Festival NYC 1973.pdf|International Computer Arts Festival]]'', New York: Kitchen, 1973, [7] pp. Program leaflet. Held 1-14 Apr 1973. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * ''[[Media:2nd International Computer Art Festival NYC 1974.pdf|2nd International Computer Art Festival]]'', New York: The Kitchen, 1974, [10] pp. Held 1-15 Jun 1974. [http://www.vasulka.org/Kitchen/Frameset_Documents.html] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * ''Bilder'' 43: "Computer-Bilder", Vienna: Fotogalerie Wien, Nov 1988, [12] pp. Works by Graf & Zyx (A), Ingoneu (A), Margot Pilz (A), Helmut Rainer (A), Leo Schatzl (A). [http://www.fotogalerie-wien.at/content.php?id=64&jahr=1988&details=1] {{de}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | * ''Počítačové umění v ČSSR a ve světě. 3. celostátní výstava s mezinárodní účastí'', ed. Lucie Holá, Prague: Dům techniky, 1989, 27 pp. Exh. held 11-16 Apr 1989. [[Computer_Art_in_ČSSR_and_in_the_World|Exhibition]]. [https://www.ndk.cz/view/uuid:0bf39370-55fd-11e9-8854-005056827e51 ] [https://cs.isabart.org/document/32740] [https://cs.isabart.org/exhibition/23533] {{cz}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | * ''Počítačová grafika vo výtvarnom umení'', ed. Zuzana Bartková and Martin Šperka, Banská Bystrica: Štátna galéria, 1992, [32] pp. {{sk}} | ||
+ | |||
* ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=5692 Computer Graphics in Fine Arts / Počítačová grafika vo výtvarnom umení]'', ed. Martin Šperka, Bratislava: Academy of Fine Arts, 1993, 8 pp. {{en}}/{{sk}} | * ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=5692 Computer Graphics in Fine Arts / Počítačová grafika vo výtvarnom umení]'', ed. Martin Šperka, Bratislava: Academy of Fine Arts, 1993, 8 pp. {{en}}/{{sk}} | ||
− | + | * ''[[Media:Ex Machina Early Computer Graphics Up to 1979 2007.pdf|Ex machina - frühe Computergrafik bis 1979: die Sammlungen Franke und weitere Stiftungen in der Kunsthalle Bremen. Herbert W. Franke zum 80. Geburtstag / Ex Machina: Early Computer Graphics Up to 1979]]'', eds. Wulf Herzogenrath, Barbara Nierhoff-Wielk, and Herbert W. Franke, Bremen: Kunsthalle Bremen, 503 pp, [https://archive.org/details/exmachinafruheco0000unse/ IA]. Exh. held at the Kunsthalle Bremen, 17 Jun-26 Aug 2007. [https://d-nb.info/982449690/04 TOC]. [http://www.kunsthalle-bremen.de/ausstellungen/rueckblick/?ref=ex+machina] [http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Ex-Machina-Computerkunst-in-Bremen-140604.html] [http://dada.compart-bremen.de/node/3970] {{de}}/{{en}} | |
− | * [http:// | + | |
− | * ''[[ | + | * ''Computational Arts in Canada 1967-1974'', ed. Adam Lauder, London, ON: McIntosh Gallery, 2020, 84 pp. [http://archive.neural.it/init/default/show/3171 TOC], [https://brownanddickson.com/products/9780771431425] |
− | * | + | |
+ | ==Resources== | ||
+ | * [http://dada.compart-bremen.de Database of Digital Art], founded by [[Frieder Nake]] | ||
+ | * [http://recodeproject.com/ The Recode Project], An active archive of computer art. A community-driven effort to preserve computer art by translating it into a modern programming language (Processing). | ||
+ | * [http://web.archive.org/web/20171113041627if_/http://www.computerkunst.org/ Early beginnings of (digital) computer art], maintained by [[Christoph Klütsch]] | ||
+ | * [http://web.archive.org/web/20220429095018/https://fifty.eai.org/video-features/computer-art-festivals-selected Selected Works from the Computer Art Festivals (1973-1975)], compiled by Electronic Arts Intermix, 2022. [http://www.eai.org/webpages/1173] | ||
+ | * [http://www.eai.org/webpages/1173 Computer Art Festivals], organised by Dimitri Devyatkin, 1973-1975. | ||
+ | * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Lmi6cmrq0w How Computer-Generated Animations Were Made, Circa 1964 - AT&T Archives] | ||
+ | * [http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/v-and-a-computer-art-collections/ The V&A's Computer Art Collections]. | ||
+ | * [https://cgi.di.uoa.gr/~halatsis/GP04/Istoselides/Computer%20Graphics_timeline.html An Historical Timeline of Computer Graphics and Animation], compiled by Wayne E. Carlson, 2003. | ||
+ | * [http://web.archive.org/web/20150905141424/http://translab.burundi.sk/code/vzx/index.htm selected works], compiled by Dusan Barok | ||
==Literature== | ==Literature== | ||
− | * J. R. Pierce, [http://monoskop.org/log/?p=13473 "Portrait of the Machine as a Young Artist"], ''Playboy'' 12:6 (1965), pp 124-5 & 150 & 182 & 184. | + | |
+ | * H.M. Paynter (ed.), ''[[Media:Paynter HM ed A Palimpsest on the Electronic Analog Art 1955.pdf|A Palimpsest on the Electronic Analog Art]]'', Boston, 1955, 270 pp. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * J.R. Pierce, [http://monoskop.org/log/?p=13473 "Portrait of the Machine as a Young Artist"], ''Playboy'' 12:6 (1965), pp 124-5 & 150 & 182 & 184. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Jasia Reichardt]], [https://www.studiointernational.com/index.php/computer-art-jasia-reichardt "Computer Art"], ''Studio International'' 173:889, May 1967, pp 222-223. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Jasia Reichardt]], [https://www.studiointernational.com/index.php/cybernetic-serendipity-getting-rid-of-preconceptions-jasia-reichardt "Cybernetic Serendipity'—Getting Rid of Preconceptions"], ''Studio International'' 176:905, London, Nov 1968, pp 176-177. | ||
+ | |||
* Dick Higgins, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=7813 Computers for the Arts]'', Somerville, MA: Abyss Publications, 1970, 17 pp. | * Dick Higgins, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=7813 Computers for the Arts]'', Somerville, MA: Abyss Publications, 1970, 17 pp. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Jasia Reichardt]], ''[[Media:Reichardt Jasia The Computer in Art 1971.pdf|The Computer in Art]]'', London: Studio Vista, 1971, 96 pp; New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1971, 96 pp. Reviews: [http://sci-hub.st/10.2307/30199540 Hockey] (Comp Hum), [http://sci-hub.st/10.2307/1572448 Thompson] (Leonardo). | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Jasia Reichardt]] (ed.), ''[[Media:Reichardt Jasia_ed_Cybernetics_Art_and_Ideas 1971.pdf|Cybernetics, Art and Ideas]]'', London: Studio Vista, 1971, 207 pp. [[Media:Reichardt Jasia 1971 Cybernetics Art and Ideas introduction.pdf|Introduction]]. Review: [http://sci-hub.st/10.2307/1572448 Thompson] (Leonardo). | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Stewart Kranz, ''[[Media:Kranz_Stewart_Science_and_Technology_in_the_Arts_1974.pdf|Science & Technology in the Arts: A Tour Through the Realm of Science/Art]]'', New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1974, 335 pp, [https://archive.org/details/sciencetechnolog0000unse_q6r6/ IA]. | ||
+ | |||
* Ruth Leavitt (ed.), ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=229 Artist and Computer]'', Harmony Books, 1976, 121 pp. | * Ruth Leavitt (ed.), ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=229 Artist and Computer]'', Harmony Books, 1976, 121 pp. | ||
+ | |||
* George Stiny, James Gips, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=615 Algorithmic Aesthetics: Computer Models for Criticism and Design in the Arts]'', University of California Press, 1978, 220 pp. | * George Stiny, James Gips, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=615 Algorithmic Aesthetics: Computer Models for Criticism and Design in the Arts]'', University of California Press, 1978, 220 pp. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Herbert W. Franke, [[Media:Franke Herbert W 1985 The New Visual Age The Influence of Computer Graphics on Art and Society.pdf|"The New Visual Age: The Influence of Computer Graphics on Art and Society"]], ''Leonardo'' 18:2, 1985, pp 105-107. [https://doi.org/10.2307/1577879] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Frank Dietrich, [[Media:Dietrich Frank Visual Intelligence The First Decade of Computer Art 1965-1975 1986.pdf|"Visual Intelligence: The First Decade of Computer Art (1965-1975)"]], ''Leonardo'' 19:2, MIT Press, Apr 1986, pp 159-169. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * ''Art Journal'' 49(3): "Computers and Art: Issues of Content", Autumn 1990. | ||
+ | ** Copper Giloth, Lynn Pocock-Williams, [[Media:Giloth Copper Pocock-Williams Lynn 1990 A Selected Chronology of Computer Art.pdf|"A Selected Chronology of Computer Art: Exhibitions, Publications, and Technology"]], ''Art Journal'', pp 283-297. | ||
+ | |||
* Ivo Janoušek, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=5684 Slovníček pojmů elektronického a multimediálního umění]'', Prague: Národní technické muzeum, 1994, 18 pp. {{cz}} | * Ivo Janoušek, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=5684 Slovníček pojmů elektronického a multimediálního umění]'', Prague: Národní technické muzeum, 1994, 18 pp. {{cz}} | ||
− | * Stuart Mealing (ed.), ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=1161 Computers and Art]'', 1997; 2nd ed., Intellect | + | |
+ | * Stuart Mealing (ed.), ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=1161 Computers and Art]'', Exeter: Intellect, 1997, 188 pp, [https://archive.org/details/computersart0000unse/ IA]; [http://monoskop.org/log/?p=1161 2nd ed.], Intellect, 2002, 159 pp. | ||
+ | |||
* Nick Lambert, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=2449 A Critical Examination of “Computer Art”: its History and Application]'', Oxford University, 2003. DPhil thesis. | * Nick Lambert, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=2449 A Critical Examination of “Computer Art”: its History and Application]'', Oxford University, 2003. DPhil thesis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Matthias Weiss, [http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/themen/generative_tools/computer_art/scroll/ "Was ist Computerkunst? Ein Antwortversuch und Beispiele zur Auslegung"], ''MedienKunstNetz'', 2004. {{de}} | ||
+ | ** [http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/themes/generative-tools/computer_art/scroll/ "What is Computer Art? An Attempt Towards an Answer and Examples of Interpretation"], ''MediaArtNet'', 2004. | ||
+ | |||
* Paul A. Fishwick (ed.), ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=235 Aesthetic Computing]'', MIT Press, 2006, 457 pp. | * Paul A. Fishwick (ed.), ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=235 Aesthetic Computing]'', MIT Press, 2006, 457 pp. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Arie Altena, Lucas van der Velden (eds.), ''The Anthology of Computer Art. Sonic Acts XI'', Amsterdam: Sonic Acts, 2006, 94 pp. [https://shop.sonicacts.com/product/the-anthology-of-computer-art-sonic-acts-2006/] [https://portal.sonicacts.com/portal-new/pdf/4334.pdf] | ||
+ | |||
* Christoph Klütsch, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=236 Computergrafik: Ästhetische Experimente zwischen zwei Kulturen. Die Anfänge der Computerkunst in den 1960er Jahren]'', Springer, 2007, 288 pp. {{de}} | * Christoph Klütsch, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=236 Computergrafik: Ästhetische Experimente zwischen zwei Kulturen. Die Anfänge der Computerkunst in den 1960er Jahren]'', Springer, 2007, 288 pp. {{de}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Paul Brown, Charlie Gere, Nicholas Lambert, Catherine Mason (eds.), ''White Heat Cold Logic: British Computer Art 1960-1980'', MIT Press (Leonardo), 2008, 464 pp. [https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262026536/ Publisher]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Frieder Nake, [[Media:Nake Frieder 2009 The Semiotic Engine Notes on the History of Algorithmic Images in Europe.pdf|"The Semiotic Engine: Notes on the History of Algorithmic Images in Europe"]], ''Art Journal'' 68:1, 2009, pp 76-89. [https://doi.org/10.1080/00043249.2009.10791337] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Edward A. Shanken, ''Art and Electronic Media'', London: Phaidon, 2009. [https://aaaaarg.fail/thing/51c58bfe6c3a0eda0b718500 Survey essay]. [http://www.artelectronicmedia.com] | ||
+ | |||
* Dominic Lopes, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=2403 A Philosophy of Computer Art]'', Routledge, 2009, 160 pp. | * Dominic Lopes, ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=2403 A Philosophy of Computer Art]'', Routledge, 2009, 160 pp. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Honor Beddard, Douglas Dodds, ''V&A Pattern: Digital Pioneers'', London: V&A Publishing, 2009, 78 pp. Catalogue. [https://www.academia.edu/7599752] | ||
+ | |||
* ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=3588 CAT 2010: Ideas Before Their Time: Connecting the Past and Present in Computer Art]'', eds. Nick Lambert, Jeremy Gardiner and Francesca Franco, BCS – The Chartered Institute for IT, 2010, 192 pp. Conference proceedings. | * ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=3588 CAT 2010: Ideas Before Their Time: Connecting the Past and Present in Computer Art]'', eds. Nick Lambert, Jeremy Gardiner and Francesca Franco, BCS – The Chartered Institute for IT, 2010, 192 pp. Conference proceedings. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Margit Rosen et al (eds.), ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=23084 A Little-Known Story About a Movement, a Magazine, and the Computer's Arrival in Art: New Tendencies and Bit International, 1961-1973]'', Karlsruhe: ZKM Center for Art and Media, and Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011, 576 pp. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Hannah B. Higgins, Douglas Kahn (eds.), ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=19231 Mainframe Experimentalism: Early Computing and the Foundations of the Digital Arts]'', University of California Press, 2012, xiv+362 pp. | ||
+ | |||
* Thomas Dreher, [http://iasl.uni-muenchen.de/links/GCA_Index.html ''Geschichte der Computerkunst''], Munich, 2012. {{de}} | * Thomas Dreher, [http://iasl.uni-muenchen.de/links/GCA_Index.html ''Geschichte der Computerkunst''], Munich, 2012. {{de}} | ||
** ''[http://iasl.uni-muenchen.de/links/GCA_Indexe.html History of Computer Art]'', Munich, 2014. | ** ''[http://iasl.uni-muenchen.de/links/GCA_Indexe.html History of Computer Art]'', Munich, 2014. | ||
− | * Grant D. Taylor, ''[http:// | + | |
− | * Carolyn L. Kane, ''[http:// | + | * Grant D. Taylor, ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=c5f4e840d0ac9f834aa9f7b43f1ebd62 When the Machine Made Art: The Troubled History of Computer Art]'', Bloomsbury, 2014. Based on [http://monoskop.org/log/?p=200 2004 PhD dissertation]. |
− | * | + | |
+ | * Carolyn L. Kane, ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=181678e81782099915d6f384935ecd61 Chromatic Algorithms: Synthetic Color, Computer Art, and Aesthetics After Code]'', University of Chicago Press, 2014, 343 pp. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Zabel Patterson, ''[https://1lib.sk/book/16675362/88493c Peripheral Vision: Bell Labs, the S-C 4020, and the Origins of Computer Art]'', MIT Press, 2015, 152 pp, [https://aaaaarg.fail/thing/5ed7abbc9ff37c19c92e81d0 ARG/pdf], [https://aaaaarg.fail/thing/56cd784d9ff37c54a1836a0f ARG/epub]. [https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/peripheral-vision]. Review: [http://neural.it/2016/09/zabet-patterson-peripheral-vision-bell-labs-the-s-c-4020-and-the-origins-of-computer-art/ Neural]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * A. Michael Noll, [http://ethw.org/First-Hand:Howard_Wise_Gallery_Show_of_Digital_Art_and_Patterns_%281965%29:_A_50th_Anniversary_Memoir "The Howard Wise Gallery Show ''Computer-Generated Pictures'' (1965): A 50th-Anniversary Memoir"], ''Leonardo'' 49:3, Jun 2016, pp 232-239. [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/LEON_a_01158] [http://dada.compart-bremen.de/item/exhibition/172] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Boris Magrini, ''[https://1lib.sk/book/5640645/fc4ec0 Confronting the Machine: An Enquiry into the Subversive Drives of Computer-Generated Art]'', De Gruyter, 2017. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Wayne E. Carlson, "Computer Artists", ch. 9 in Carlson, ''[https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/graphicshistory/ Computer Graphics and Computer Animation: A Retrospective Overview]'', Ohio State University, 2017. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Lindsay Caplan, [[Media:Caplan Lindsay 2018 From Collective Creation to Creating Collectives Arte programmata and the Open Work 1962.pdf|"From Collective Creation to Creating Collectives: ''Arte programmata'' and the Open Work, 1962"]], ''Grey Room'' 73, Fall 2018, pp 54-81. [https://doi.org/10.1162/grey_a_00256] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [https://www.mdpi.com/journal/arts/special_issues/Machine_Artist ''Arts'': "The Machine as Artist (for the 21st Century)"], eds. Frederic Fol Leymarie and G. W. Smith, 2018-2019; repr. as ''[[Media:The_Machine_as_Art_The_Machine_as_Artist 2020.pdf|The Machine as Art / The Machine as Artist]]'', eds. Frederic Fol Leymarie, Juliette Bessette and G.W. Smith, Basel: MDPI, 2020, 302 pp. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[A. Michael Noll]], [http://sci-hub.st/10.1162/leon_a_01442 "The VanDerBeek-Knowlton Movies"], ''Leonardo'' 52:3, Jun 2019, pp 314-319. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Margaret A. Boden, Ernest A. Edmonds, ''[https://aaaaarg.fail/thing/5ed7aa469ff37c65d22e820d From Fingers to Digits: An Artificial Aesthetic]'', MIT Press, 2019, 392 pp. [https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/fingers-digits Publisher]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Leoš Mátl, ''[https://is.muni.cz/th/g21s3/DP438008.pdf 60. léta počítačového umění: technické aspekty a otázka autorství]'', Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 2020, 79 pp. Master's thesis. {{cz}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Patrick Frank, ''Sharing Code: Art1, Frederick Hammersley, and the Dawn of Computer Art'', forew. Joseph Traugott, Museum of New Mexico Press, 2020, 160 pp. [http://www.mnmpress.org/?p=allBooks&id=270 Publisher]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Lindsay Caplan, ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5AE39BDA1D1D2DB8D71AEE1F2DB2114C Arte Programmata: Freedom, Control and the Computer in 1960s Italy]'', University of Minnesota Press, 2022, 328 pp. [https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/arte-programmata Publisher]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Catherine Mason]] (ed.), ''[https://aaaaarg.fail/thing/666c0bbe9ff37c0caa2e81c3 Creative Simulations: George Mallen and the Early Computer Arts Society]'', Springer, 2024, xiii+201 pp. [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-50620-8 Publisher]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Margit Rosen]], [https://doi.org/10.7238/artnodes.v0i34.424662 "In the beginning, there was the analogue. An alternative history of the beginnings of computer art"], ''Artnodes: Journal of Art, Science and Technology'' 34: "Materiology and Variantology: Invitation to Dialogue", eds. Siegfried Zielinski and Daniel Irrgang, Barcelona: Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Jul 2024, 10 pp. | ||
; More | ; More | ||
Line 55: | Line 166: | ||
; Bibliography | ; Bibliography | ||
− | * [http:// | + | * [http://web.archive.org/web/20170629174324if_/http://computerkunst.org/Lit_early_dig_computerart.html Bibliography compiled by Christoph Kluetsch] |
+ | |||
+ | ==Recent exhibitions== | ||
+ | * ''[https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3863?locale=en Thinking Machines: Art and Design in the Computer Age, 1959–1989]'', MoMA, New York, 13 Nov 2017-8 Apr 2018. | ||
+ | * ''[https://www.coda-apeldoorn.nl/nl/agenda/behind-the-screens-1 Behind the screens. 50 jaar computerkunst]'', CODA Apeldoorn, 22 Jan-4 Jun 2023. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* Computer art in [[Media_art_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe#Computer_art.2C_Dynamic_objects.2C_Cybernetic_sculpture|CEE]], [[Czech Republic#Computer_and_computer-aided_art|Czech Republic]], [[Early computer art in Slovakia (1970s-80s)|Slovakia]], [[Hungary#Computer_and_computer-aided_art|Hungary]], [[Poland#Computer_and_computer-aided_art|Poland]], [[Croatia#Computer_and_computer-aided_art|Croatia]], [[Slovenia#Computer_and_computer-aided_art|Slovenia]], [[Serbia#Computer_and_computer-aided_art|Serbia]], [[Romania#Computer_and_computer-aided_art|Romania]], [[Bulgaria#Computer_and_computer-aided_art|Bulgaria]]. | * Computer art in [[Media_art_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe#Computer_art.2C_Dynamic_objects.2C_Cybernetic_sculpture|CEE]], [[Czech Republic#Computer_and_computer-aided_art|Czech Republic]], [[Early computer art in Slovakia (1970s-80s)|Slovakia]], [[Hungary#Computer_and_computer-aided_art|Hungary]], [[Poland#Computer_and_computer-aided_art|Poland]], [[Croatia#Computer_and_computer-aided_art|Croatia]], [[Slovenia#Computer_and_computer-aided_art|Slovenia]], [[Serbia#Computer_and_computer-aided_art|Serbia]], [[Romania#Computer_and_computer-aided_art|Romania]], [[Bulgaria#Computer_and_computer-aided_art|Bulgaria]]. | ||
− | * Further [[ | + | * Further [[Central and Eastern Europe Bibliography#Computer_art|bibliography]]. |
{{Art}} | {{Art}} | ||
__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ |
Latest revision as of 21:17, 23 July 2024
'Computer art' is the generation of aesthetic objects with the aid of software on a digital computer. Its history started in 1965. Three exhibitions took place that year, which are acknowledged as first public presentations of digital art: Georg Nees at the Studiengalerie of the University of Stuttgart (5-19 February 1965); A. Michael Noll and Bela Julesz at Howard Wise Gallery, New York (6-24 April 1965); Frieder Nake and Georg Nees at Galerie Wendelin Niedlich, Stuttgart (5-26 November 1965)... The picture changes slightly, when we closely look at the time when these researcher-artists started their experiments in algorithmic art: Noll in 1962, Nake in 1963, Nees in 1964. All these dates refer to "digital" art and computers. Ben F. Laposky had started to work with analogue equipment in 1952. Herbert W. Franke followed in Austria in 1959, and Kurd Alsleben in Hamburg around 1960."
– Frieder Nake
Artists, Events[edit]
- Kurd Alsleben
- Radu Bagdasar
- Horst Bartnig
- Juraj Bartusz
- Otto Beckmann
- Max Bense
- Vladimir Bonačić
- Martijn van Boven
- Ileana Bratu
- Zdeňka Čechová
- Savel Cheptea
- Harold Cohen
- Compos 68
- Computer and Art
- Computer Art in ČSSR and in the World
- Computer grafik
- Computer Graphic
- Computer Graphics Art (Prague, 1982)
- Computer Graphics in Fine Arts
- Computerkunst - On the Eve of Tomorrow
- Computers and Automation
- Waldemar Cordeiro
- Charles Csuri
- Cybernetic Serendipity
- Digital Pioneers
- Stanisław Dróżdż
- Sherban Epuré
- Peter Foldes
- Helmar Frank
- Herbert W. Franke
- Roland K. Fuchshuber
- Aldo Giorgini
- Karl Otto Götz
- John Halas
- Desmond Paul Henry
- Grace C. Hertlein
- Jiří Hůla
- Ideas Before Their Time
- Mihai Jalobeanu
- Jozef Jankovič
- Jankovič - Graphics
- Béla Julesz
- Hiroshi Kawano
- Miroslav Klivar
- Ken Knowlton
- Zenon Kulpa
- Ben F. Laposky
- Radomír Leszczynski
- Dominic Lopes
- Solomon Marcus
- Viktor Ernest Maşek
- Florin Maxa
- Leslie Mezei
- Petar Milojević
- Manfred Mohr
- Abraham Moles
- Vera Molnár
- Ivan Moscovich
- Motif Edition
- Mihai Nadin
- Frieder Nake
- Georg Nees
- New Tendencies
- A. Michael Noll
- Jan Pamuła
- Cord Passow
- Alexandru Patatics
- Sergej Pavlin
- Rosen Petkov
- SCAS
- Kubo Pišek
- Programmierter Zufall - Computergrafik
- Vladan Radovanović
- Zoran Radović
- Lillian F. Schwartz
- Martin Šperka
- Alan Sutcliffe
- Zdeněk Sýkora
- Yasunao Tone
- Jiří Valoch
- Roman Verostko
- Visions of the Present
- Tamás Waliczky
- Peter Weibel
- Teresa Wennberg
- Ryszard Winiarski
- XCoAx
- Gerard Zieliński
- Stanislav Zippe
Magazines[edit]
- rot 19: "Computer-Grafik", eds. Max Bense and Elisabeth Walther, 1968. (German)
- Bit International: teorija informacija i nova estetika, 9 numbers (7 issues), ed. Božo Bek, Zagreb: Galerije Grada Zagreba, 1968-1972. (multiple languages)
- PAGE, London: Computer Arts Society, 1969-1985 & 2004-2011.
- Computer Graphics and Art, 12 issues, ed. Grace C. Hertlein, Chico, CA: Berkeley Enterprises, Feb 1976-Nov 1978.
Group exhibition catalogues[edit]
- Arte programmata: arte cinetica, opere moltiplicate, opera aperta [Programmed Art: Kinetic Art, Multiplied Works, Open Works], Milan: Galleria Vittorio Emanuele, 1962, 32 pp. Text by Umberto Eco. Works by Bruno Munari, Enzo Mari, Gruppo T, Gruppo N, Getulio Alviani, GRAV, et al. Organised by Bruno Munari and Giorgio Soavi; sponsored by Olivetti. Exh. held in Milan, May 1962; Piazza S. Marco, Venice, Jul-Aug 1962; Genova, 1962; Piazza Barberini, Rome, Oct 1962; Galleria La Cavana, Trieste, 1962; Tokyo, 1962; Goppinger Galerie, Düsseldorf, 1963; Royal College of Art, London, Jul 1964; Loeb Student Center, New York, 1964; and circulated across other venues in the US by the Smithsonian Institution. Video documentation (10 min). [1] (Italian),(French),(English)
- Herstellung von zeichnerischen Darstellungen, Tonfolgen und Texten mit elektronischen Rechenanlagen. Programm-Information PI-21, Darmstadt: Deutsches Rechenzentrum Darmstadt, 1966. (German)
- Computer Graphics, ed. Jiří Valoch, Brno: Dům umění města Brna, 1968, 16 pp. (Czech)
- Cybernetic Serendipidity. The Computer and the Arts: a Studio International Special Issue, ed. Jasia Reichardt, London: Studio International, Jul 1968; 2nd ed., rev., Sep 1968, 103 pp; repr., New York: Praeger, 1969, 101 pp; repr., London: Studio International Foundation, 2018, 101 pp. Exh. catalogue. Features a cover designed by Franciszka Themerson; an introduction by Jasia Reichardt; an overview of cybernetics and its founder, Norbert Wiener; separate sections dedicated to the connections between the computer and music, dance, poetry, painting, film, architecture, and graphics; a glossary; and a bibliography.
- The Magazine of the Institute of Contemporary Arts 5: "Cybernetic Serendipidity", ed. Jasia Reichardt, London: Institute of Contemporary Arts, Aug 1968, 38 pp. With texts by Martin Gardner, Pierre Barbaud, and Charles Csuri.
- The Magazine of the Institute of Contemporary Arts 6: "Cybernetic Serendipidity", ed. Jasia Reichardt, London: Institute of Contemporary Arts, Sep 1968, 38 pp. With texts by Daphne Oram, Max Bense, Petar Milojevic, and Nam June Paik. [2]
- Impulse Computerkunst: Graphik, Plastik, Musik, Film, ed. Herbert W. Franke, Munich: Kunstverein München, 1970, 62 pp. Exh. held at Karl-Ernst-Osthaus Museum, Hagen, Feb 1970; Kunstverein München, Munich, 8 May-7 Jun 1970; Kunsthaus Hamburg, 12 Jun-12 Jul 1970; afterwards at Goethe-Institut internationally (Brussels, Oslo, Madrid, Zürich, Rome, Amsterdam, Lisbon, and elsewhere), 1971-1972. (German)
- Arte y cibernética, ed. Jorge Glusberg, Montevideo: Comision Nacional de Artes Plastica, Jun 1970, [19] pp. Exh. held at Galería Bonino, Buenos Aires, Aug-Sep 1969. [3] (Spanish)
- Tendencije 4 / Tendencies 4: Zagreb, 1968-1969, eds. Boris Kelemen and Radoslav Putar, Zagreb: Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, 1970, [146] pp. Texts and statements by Radoslav Putar, Almir Mavignier, Matko Meštrović, Enzo Mari, Alessandro Carlini, Bernhard Schneider, Alberto Biasi, Gianni Colombo, Milan Dobeš, Herbert W. Franke, Karl Gerstner, Rolf Glasmeier, Rolf Gravenhorst, Hein Gravenhorst, Dieter Hacker, John Gabriel Harries, Gottfried Jäger, Richard Kriesche, Max H. Mahlmann, Marcello Morandini, Zoran Radović, Bernhard Sandfort, Paolo Scheggi, Klaus Staudt, Josef Hermann Stiegler, Jorrit Tornquist, Gabriele de Vecchi, Herman de Vries. (Serbo-Croatian)/(French),(German),(Italian),(English)
- Interactive Sound and Visual Systems, ed. Charles A. Csuri, College of the Arts, Ohio State University, 1970, 31 pp.
- Software: Information Technology: Its New Meaning for Art, New York: Jewish Museum, 1970, 71 pp.
- Computer Art, ed. Laxmi P. Sihare, New Delhi: National Gallery of Modern Art, 1972, 57 pp.
- International Computer Arts Festival, New York: Kitchen, 1973, [7] pp. Program leaflet. Held 1-14 Apr 1973.
- 2nd International Computer Art Festival, New York: The Kitchen, 1974, [10] pp. Held 1-15 Jun 1974. [4]
- Bilder 43: "Computer-Bilder", Vienna: Fotogalerie Wien, Nov 1988, [12] pp. Works by Graf & Zyx (A), Ingoneu (A), Margot Pilz (A), Helmut Rainer (A), Leo Schatzl (A). [5] (German)
- Počítačové umění v ČSSR a ve světě. 3. celostátní výstava s mezinárodní účastí, ed. Lucie Holá, Prague: Dům techniky, 1989, 27 pp. Exh. held 11-16 Apr 1989. Exhibition. [6] [7] [8] (Czech)
- Počítačová grafika vo výtvarnom umení, ed. Zuzana Bartková and Martin Šperka, Banská Bystrica: Štátna galéria, 1992, [32] pp. (Slovak)
- Computer Graphics in Fine Arts / Počítačová grafika vo výtvarnom umení, ed. Martin Šperka, Bratislava: Academy of Fine Arts, 1993, 8 pp. (English)/(Slovak)
- Ex machina - frühe Computergrafik bis 1979: die Sammlungen Franke und weitere Stiftungen in der Kunsthalle Bremen. Herbert W. Franke zum 80. Geburtstag / Ex Machina: Early Computer Graphics Up to 1979, eds. Wulf Herzogenrath, Barbara Nierhoff-Wielk, and Herbert W. Franke, Bremen: Kunsthalle Bremen, 503 pp, IA. Exh. held at the Kunsthalle Bremen, 17 Jun-26 Aug 2007. TOC. [9] [10] [11] (German)/(English)
- Computational Arts in Canada 1967-1974, ed. Adam Lauder, London, ON: McIntosh Gallery, 2020, 84 pp. TOC, [12]
Resources[edit]
- Database of Digital Art, founded by Frieder Nake
- The Recode Project, An active archive of computer art. A community-driven effort to preserve computer art by translating it into a modern programming language (Processing).
- Early beginnings of (digital) computer art, maintained by Christoph Klütsch
- Selected Works from the Computer Art Festivals (1973-1975), compiled by Electronic Arts Intermix, 2022. [13]
- Computer Art Festivals, organised by Dimitri Devyatkin, 1973-1975.
- How Computer-Generated Animations Were Made, Circa 1964 - AT&T Archives
- The V&A's Computer Art Collections.
- An Historical Timeline of Computer Graphics and Animation, compiled by Wayne E. Carlson, 2003.
- selected works, compiled by Dusan Barok
Literature[edit]
- H.M. Paynter (ed.), A Palimpsest on the Electronic Analog Art, Boston, 1955, 270 pp.
- J.R. Pierce, "Portrait of the Machine as a Young Artist", Playboy 12:6 (1965), pp 124-5 & 150 & 182 & 184.
- Jasia Reichardt, "Computer Art", Studio International 173:889, May 1967, pp 222-223.
- Jasia Reichardt, "Cybernetic Serendipity'—Getting Rid of Preconceptions", Studio International 176:905, London, Nov 1968, pp 176-177.
- Dick Higgins, Computers for the Arts, Somerville, MA: Abyss Publications, 1970, 17 pp.
- Jasia Reichardt, The Computer in Art, London: Studio Vista, 1971, 96 pp; New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1971, 96 pp. Reviews: Hockey (Comp Hum), Thompson (Leonardo).
- Jasia Reichardt (ed.), Cybernetics, Art and Ideas, London: Studio Vista, 1971, 207 pp. Introduction. Review: Thompson (Leonardo).
- Stewart Kranz, Science & Technology in the Arts: A Tour Through the Realm of Science/Art, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1974, 335 pp, IA.
- Ruth Leavitt (ed.), Artist and Computer, Harmony Books, 1976, 121 pp.
- George Stiny, James Gips, Algorithmic Aesthetics: Computer Models for Criticism and Design in the Arts, University of California Press, 1978, 220 pp.
- Herbert W. Franke, "The New Visual Age: The Influence of Computer Graphics on Art and Society", Leonardo 18:2, 1985, pp 105-107. [14]
- Frank Dietrich, "Visual Intelligence: The First Decade of Computer Art (1965-1975)", Leonardo 19:2, MIT Press, Apr 1986, pp 159-169.
- Art Journal 49(3): "Computers and Art: Issues of Content", Autumn 1990.
- Copper Giloth, Lynn Pocock-Williams, "A Selected Chronology of Computer Art: Exhibitions, Publications, and Technology", Art Journal, pp 283-297.
- Ivo Janoušek, Slovníček pojmů elektronického a multimediálního umění, Prague: Národní technické muzeum, 1994, 18 pp. (Czech)
- Stuart Mealing (ed.), Computers and Art, Exeter: Intellect, 1997, 188 pp, IA; 2nd ed., Intellect, 2002, 159 pp.
- Nick Lambert, A Critical Examination of “Computer Art”: its History and Application, Oxford University, 2003. DPhil thesis.
- Matthias Weiss, "Was ist Computerkunst? Ein Antwortversuch und Beispiele zur Auslegung", MedienKunstNetz, 2004. (German)
- Paul A. Fishwick (ed.), Aesthetic Computing, MIT Press, 2006, 457 pp.
- Arie Altena, Lucas van der Velden (eds.), The Anthology of Computer Art. Sonic Acts XI, Amsterdam: Sonic Acts, 2006, 94 pp. [15] [16]
- Christoph Klütsch, Computergrafik: Ästhetische Experimente zwischen zwei Kulturen. Die Anfänge der Computerkunst in den 1960er Jahren, Springer, 2007, 288 pp. (German)
- Paul Brown, Charlie Gere, Nicholas Lambert, Catherine Mason (eds.), White Heat Cold Logic: British Computer Art 1960-1980, MIT Press (Leonardo), 2008, 464 pp. Publisher.
- Frieder Nake, "The Semiotic Engine: Notes on the History of Algorithmic Images in Europe", Art Journal 68:1, 2009, pp 76-89. [17]
- Edward A. Shanken, Art and Electronic Media, London: Phaidon, 2009. Survey essay. [18]
- Dominic Lopes, A Philosophy of Computer Art, Routledge, 2009, 160 pp.
- Honor Beddard, Douglas Dodds, V&A Pattern: Digital Pioneers, London: V&A Publishing, 2009, 78 pp. Catalogue. [19]
- CAT 2010: Ideas Before Their Time: Connecting the Past and Present in Computer Art, eds. Nick Lambert, Jeremy Gardiner and Francesca Franco, BCS – The Chartered Institute for IT, 2010, 192 pp. Conference proceedings.
- Margit Rosen et al (eds.), A Little-Known Story About a Movement, a Magazine, and the Computer's Arrival in Art: New Tendencies and Bit International, 1961-1973, Karlsruhe: ZKM Center for Art and Media, and Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011, 576 pp.
- Hannah B. Higgins, Douglas Kahn (eds.), Mainframe Experimentalism: Early Computing and the Foundations of the Digital Arts, University of California Press, 2012, xiv+362 pp.
- Thomas Dreher, Geschichte der Computerkunst, Munich, 2012. (German)
- History of Computer Art, Munich, 2014.
- Grant D. Taylor, When the Machine Made Art: The Troubled History of Computer Art, Bloomsbury, 2014. Based on 2004 PhD dissertation.
- Carolyn L. Kane, Chromatic Algorithms: Synthetic Color, Computer Art, and Aesthetics After Code, University of Chicago Press, 2014, 343 pp.
- Zabel Patterson, Peripheral Vision: Bell Labs, the S-C 4020, and the Origins of Computer Art, MIT Press, 2015, 152 pp, ARG/pdf, ARG/epub. [20]. Review: Neural.
- A. Michael Noll, "The Howard Wise Gallery Show Computer-Generated Pictures (1965): A 50th-Anniversary Memoir", Leonardo 49:3, Jun 2016, pp 232-239. [21] [22]
- Boris Magrini, Confronting the Machine: An Enquiry into the Subversive Drives of Computer-Generated Art, De Gruyter, 2017.
- Wayne E. Carlson, "Computer Artists", ch. 9 in Carlson, Computer Graphics and Computer Animation: A Retrospective Overview, Ohio State University, 2017.
- Lindsay Caplan, "From Collective Creation to Creating Collectives: Arte programmata and the Open Work, 1962", Grey Room 73, Fall 2018, pp 54-81. [23]
- Arts: "The Machine as Artist (for the 21st Century)", eds. Frederic Fol Leymarie and G. W. Smith, 2018-2019; repr. as The Machine as Art / The Machine as Artist, eds. Frederic Fol Leymarie, Juliette Bessette and G.W. Smith, Basel: MDPI, 2020, 302 pp.
- A. Michael Noll, "The VanDerBeek-Knowlton Movies", Leonardo 52:3, Jun 2019, pp 314-319.
- Margaret A. Boden, Ernest A. Edmonds, From Fingers to Digits: An Artificial Aesthetic, MIT Press, 2019, 392 pp. Publisher.
- Leoš Mátl, 60. léta počítačového umění: technické aspekty a otázka autorství, Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 2020, 79 pp. Master's thesis. (Czech)
- Patrick Frank, Sharing Code: Art1, Frederick Hammersley, and the Dawn of Computer Art, forew. Joseph Traugott, Museum of New Mexico Press, 2020, 160 pp. Publisher.
- Lindsay Caplan, Arte Programmata: Freedom, Control and the Computer in 1960s Italy, University of Minnesota Press, 2022, 328 pp. Publisher.
- Catherine Mason (ed.), Creative Simulations: George Mallen and the Early Computer Arts Society, Springer, 2024, xiii+201 pp. Publisher.
- Margit Rosen, "In the beginning, there was the analogue. An alternative history of the beginnings of computer art", Artnodes: Journal of Art, Science and Technology 34: "Materiology and Variantology: Invitation to Dialogue", eds. Siegfried Zielinski and Daniel Irrgang, Barcelona: Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Jul 2024, 10 pp.
- More
- Bibliography
Recent exhibitions[edit]
- Thinking Machines: Art and Design in the Computer Age, 1959–1989, MoMA, New York, 13 Nov 2017-8 Apr 2018.
- Behind the screens. 50 jaar computerkunst, CODA Apeldoorn, 22 Jan-4 Jun 2023.
See also[edit]
- Computer art in CEE, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria.
- Further bibliography.
Visual art | ||
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Movements – 1990s – East Central Europe – Writers – Historians – Care – Museums – References. |