Difference between revisions of "Art"
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− | <div class="lede"> | + | <div class="lede">Styles and movements in visual art</div> |
− | + | This page brings together art styles and movements from the 1860s to the present day. In addition to the isms of modern art, the list includes movements that are usually treated as secondary to the visual art canon, such as Lettrism, Situationism, Sound art, Expanded cinema, Neoism, or Software art, and does not leave out those best represented by works made by others than Western white males either. | |
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
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− | + | Art historians have debated the limits and biases of style analysis and classification for decades,<ref>[[#Schapiro1953|Schapiro (1953)]] argued that "style is an essential object of investigation [to the historian of art]" (287) and defined it as "the constant form--and sometimes the constant elements, qualities, and expression--in the art of an individual or a group" (287), while "the description of a style refers to three aspects of art: form elements or motives, form relationships, and qualities (including an all-over quality which we may call the 'expression'). [...] Technique, subject matter, and material may be characteristic of certain groups of works and will sometimes be included in definitions; but more often these features are not so peculiar to the art of a period as the formal and qualitative ones" (289). [[#Kubler1967|Kubler (1967)]], on the other hand, criticised the definition of style as constant form: "The idea of style is best adapted to static situation, in crosscut or synchronous section. It is an idea unsuited to duration." More recently, [[#Elsner2003|Elsner (2003)]] summarised the bias of style in art history as follows: "The key assumption is that what matters about a work of art and what stylistic analysis may reveal is its origin and its moment of creation. Style rarely has any truck with the afterlife of objects, their messy history in the real world as they are bashed about, adapted, reused, and altered." For other aspects of the art historical debate on style, see [[#Woelfflin1950|Wölfflin (1950)]], [[#Gombrich1968|Gombrich (1968)]], [[#Goodman1975|Goodman (1975)]], [[#Alpers1979|Alpers (1979)]], and [[#Kubler1979|Kubler (1979)]].</ref> yet style remains "inseparable from working concepts of art and its history".<ref>[[#Elkins1998|Elkins 1998]].</ref> Its relevance is being reaffirmed in an unexpected way, as a database column in an ever-growing number of art collections. Major art museums have adopted it as an organising element of their online catalogues.<ref> Some collection catalogues combine it with or imply in the notion of ''movement''. The [http://www.tate.org.uk/art/search Tate's collection] can be navigated by the category ''Style or '-ism' '', [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/ Met] by ''Art Movement / Style'', the collection aggregator [https://www.artsy.net/categories/ Artsy] by ''Style and Movement'', while [https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3A Pompidou] has entitled the field ''Mouvement'', [http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/ Guggenheim] ''Movements'', and [http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/collection-search-result.html#Styles NGA] and [http://www.arthermitage.org/Style.html Hermitage] stick with ''Styles''.</ref> | |
− | + | Online databases are often presented as neutral resources, with no acknowledgment of editorial work, and instead derive their legitimacy from the reputation of the institution.<ref>This applies not only to museums, but also to collection aggregators such as Artsy, Google Art Project and Artwiki.</ref> While they increasingly influence how we (and [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/computers-are-getting-better-identifying-artists-art-historians-are-180955241/ machines]) see and learn about art, their protocols are rarely discussed. In contrast to the tradition of scholarly argumentation, the context in the database is given by the way its data are interconnected, where each item is defined by the set of its relations to other items. Rather than notions supporting an argument, styles and movements become vectors along which an online collection is designed to be viewed, queried, and referenced. This allows databases to position artworks as belonging to particular styles and movements simply by designating a relation.<ref>While the narrative text allows the fine distinctions between, say, Dadaist and Surrealist works by Max Ernst to be explained using art historical tropes, the database subordinates this tradition to the logic of normalised data. It assumes a binary relationship between a work by Ernst and the category "Dada", and between a work by Ernst and the category "Surrealism". It can be linked to both, but there is no place in the structure for conditionals. Here, styles are simply tags, and narrative text is secondary to the database structure. Similarly, if Marcel Duchamp can be treated in an essay as an early Conceptualist, the database will resist the introduction of the category ''early Conceptualism'', as this would be unsystematic, unless a more nuanced categorisation is introduced for other included styles as well.</ref> Although art collection databases are heirs to the art historical tradition, they adapt art to the logic of the relational database - the logic of organising data into rows and columns of items that point to each other. The same can be said of other attributes of artworks, pre-formatted by the database as lists of authors, materials, years of production, and so on. | |
+ | |||
+ | To further explore this strand of the ''datafication'' of art history, this page juxtaposes styles and movements as represented in the online collections of art museums. To achieve greater contrast, it adds definitions from [[#References|dictionaries and glossaries]] in several languages, as well as selected writings by artists, critics and historians, and recent retrospective exhibitions that challenge the origin myths of this or that style or movement. As a result, the page brings together some 350 art styles and movements from the 1860s to the present day, as they have come to us through these four paths. In addition to the ''isms'' of modern art, the list includes movements that are usually treated as secondary to the visual art canon, such as [[#lettrism|Lettrism]], [[#situationists|Situationism]], [[#soundart|Sound art]], [[#expandedcinema|Expanded cinema]], [[#neoism|Neoism]], or [[#softwareart|Software art]], and does not leave out those best represented by works made by others than Western white males either.<ref>Non-Western movements that have recently received belated recognition through retrospective exhibitions include [[#jikkenkobo|Jikken Kobo]] (2009), [[#resistanceart|Resistance Art]] (2011), [[#tansaekhwa|Tansaekhwa]] (2014), [[#monoha|Mono-ha]] (2015), [[#casablancaschool|Casablanca School]] (2016) and [[#khartoumschool|Khartoum School]] (2016).</ref> | ||
Entries are structured in the following way: | Entries are structured in the following way: | ||
+ | |||
<div class="dpl" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size: .95em;"> | <div class="dpl" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size: .95em;"> | ||
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: The '''term''' under which a given style, movement, ism or school came to be established. Preferably in its original language with an English equivalent and optionally frequent synonymous terms. Terms should not be understood as mutually exclusive: body art does not exclude performance art, performance art does not exclude conceptual art, process art does not exclude postminimalism. Where the link is active it leads to a Monoskop page with more detailed information including bibliographies; among the most extensive at the moment are [[Cubism]], [[Constructivism]], [[Conceptual art]], [[Expanded cinema]], [[Neoism]] and [[Sound art]]. | : The '''term''' under which a given style, movement, ism or school came to be established. Preferably in its original language with an English equivalent and optionally frequent synonymous terms. Terms should not be understood as mutually exclusive: body art does not exclude performance art, performance art does not exclude conceptual art, process art does not exclude postminimalism. Where the link is active it leads to a Monoskop page with more detailed information including bibliographies; among the most extensive at the moment are [[Cubism]], [[Constructivism]], [[Conceptual art]], [[Expanded cinema]], [[Neoism]] and [[Sound art]]. | ||
+ | |||
: '''Major events'''. Mostly exhibitions, but also group formations, conferences, etc. In most cases, titles are kept in their original languages (English equivalents are chosen for events better known as such today). Links point to event websites and online versions of catalogues. | : '''Major events'''. Mostly exhibitions, but also group formations, conferences, etc. In most cases, titles are kept in their original languages (English equivalents are chosen for events better known as such today). Links point to event websites and online versions of catalogues. | ||
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: '''Major texts'''. These include manifestos, key essays, magazines, but also later art-historical analyses. Links point to their online versions, some in translation. | : '''Major texts'''. These include manifestos, key essays, magazines, but also later art-historical analyses. Links point to their online versions, some in translation. | ||
+ | |||
: '''Associated artists'''. Only those participating during the formative years of a given phenomenon are included (i.e. "first" and "second generations"). Many artist names are hyperlinked; as there is not more than one link per artist/group in an entry, the order of preference is as follows: (1) Monoskop wiki page, (2) official home page/estate, (3) major collection with online presence, (4) latest retrospective exhibition with online companion/catalogue. Country shortcuts following names indicate countries where artists were active during periods for which they are associated with a given phenomenon. | : '''Associated artists'''. Only those participating during the formative years of a given phenomenon are included (i.e. "first" and "second generations"). Many artist names are hyperlinked; as there is not more than one link per artist/group in an entry, the order of preference is as follows: (1) Monoskop wiki page, (2) official home page/estate, (3) major collection with online presence, (4) latest retrospective exhibition with online companion/catalogue. Country shortcuts following names indicate countries where artists were active during periods for which they are associated with a given phenomenon. | ||
+ | |||
: '''Media'''. "Design" includes the broad area of decorative arts and crafts. If there were notable works created also in architecture, it is indicated, however architects, their works and architectural movements per se are not included in the table [[Architecture|(history of 20th-century architecture is treated on a separate page)]]. | : '''Media'''. "Design" includes the broad area of decorative arts and crafts. If there were notable works created also in architecture, it is indicated, however architects, their works and architectural movements per se are not included in the table [[Architecture|(history of 20th-century architecture is treated on a separate page)]]. | ||
+ | |||
: '''Key references'''. | : '''Key references'''. | ||
+ | |||
: '''Works''' are selected to illustrate the diversity of forms, materials, subject matter, and techniques associated with a term. Size and materials are included and entry in an online catalogue of the collection a work is part of is linked where available. Please note that photo reproductions come from a multitude of collections and parameters under which they were produced vary greatly (no post-processing on our side was done). | : '''Works''' are selected to illustrate the diversity of forms, materials, subject matter, and techniques associated with a term. Size and materials are included and entry in an online catalogue of the collection a work is part of is linked where available. Please note that photo reproductions come from a multitude of collections and parameters under which they were produced vary greatly (no post-processing on our side was done). | ||
+ | |||
: '''Collections'''. Only those with a database entry for a given term in their online catalogues are included. | : '''Collections'''. Only those with a database entry for a given term in their online catalogues are included. | ||
+ | |||
: '''Dictionary and glossary entries''' from sources in multiple languages published in the last twenty years and at least partly freely available online. Bibliographic citations for the abbreviations are [[#References|listed at the bottom]]. | : '''Dictionary and glossary entries''' from sources in multiple languages published in the last twenty years and at least partly freely available online. Bibliographic citations for the abbreviations are [[#References|listed at the bottom]]. | ||
+ | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
An ism, style, movement or school is usually established through a number of players: artists, gallerists, collectors, critics and historians, as well as various institutional mechanisms, professional protocols and personal interests. Different phenomena can serve as triggers--aesthetic and/or sociopolitical visions or their (pejorative) criticism, financial speculation or its rejection--and it may be first recognised decades after its foundational works were made. These issues are documented and analysed in publications, some of which are listed in the column ''Key texts''. Those writings, along with recent large-scale reexaminations informed the selection of formative works and artists for respective entries on this page.<ref>In recent decades, many ''isms'' were subjected to major reexaminations through retrospective exhibitions which acknowledged the legacy of women and non-Caucasian artists and extended the geographic radius beyond the West. Examples include ''[[Media:Hulten_Pontus_ed_Futurism_and_Futurisms.pdf|Futurism & Futurisms]]'' (1986), ''[http://www.moca.org/exhibition/out-of-actions-between-performance-and-the-object-1949-1979 Out of Actions: Between Performance and the Object, 1949-1979]'' (reassessing [[#performanceart|performance art]], [[#happening|happening]] and [[#processart|process art]], 1998), ''[http://post.at.moma.org/content_items/580-global-conceptualism-reflections Global Conceptualism: Points of Origin 1950-1980s]'' (1999), ''[http://www.fluxus-east.eu/ Fluxus East]'' (2007), ''[http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/seductive_subversion/ Seductive Subversion: Women Pop Artists, 1958–1968]'' (2010), ''[http://ops.thejewishmuseum.org/ Other Primary Structures]'' (reassessing [[#minimalism|Minimalism]], 2014), ''[http://schirn.de/sturmfrauen/digitorial/en/ Storm Women]'' (reassessing [[#expressionism|Expressionism]], 2015), ''[http://www.walkerart.org/calendar/2015/international-pop International Pop]'' (2015), ''[http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/ey-exhibition-world-goes-pop World Goes Pop]'' (2015). Another phenomenon are reprises, restagings and returns to style-defining exhibitions such as [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=OBMOkHU+1921&title=Special:Search&go=Go ''Second Spring Exhibition'' of Obmokhu at Tretyakov Gallery] (defining [[#constructivism|Constructivism]], opened 2006), ''[http://www.kunsthalle-duesseldorf.de/index.php?id=342 Living with Pop: A Reproduction of Capitalist Realism]'' (2013) and ''[http://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/c5eRpey/rERz8A Magiciens de la terre]'' (2014).</ref> | An ism, style, movement or school is usually established through a number of players: artists, gallerists, collectors, critics and historians, as well as various institutional mechanisms, professional protocols and personal interests. Different phenomena can serve as triggers--aesthetic and/or sociopolitical visions or their (pejorative) criticism, financial speculation or its rejection--and it may be first recognised decades after its foundational works were made. These issues are documented and analysed in publications, some of which are listed in the column ''Key texts''. Those writings, along with recent large-scale reexaminations informed the selection of formative works and artists for respective entries on this page.<ref>In recent decades, many ''isms'' were subjected to major reexaminations through retrospective exhibitions which acknowledged the legacy of women and non-Caucasian artists and extended the geographic radius beyond the West. Examples include ''[[Media:Hulten_Pontus_ed_Futurism_and_Futurisms.pdf|Futurism & Futurisms]]'' (1986), ''[http://www.moca.org/exhibition/out-of-actions-between-performance-and-the-object-1949-1979 Out of Actions: Between Performance and the Object, 1949-1979]'' (reassessing [[#performanceart|performance art]], [[#happening|happening]] and [[#processart|process art]], 1998), ''[http://post.at.moma.org/content_items/580-global-conceptualism-reflections Global Conceptualism: Points of Origin 1950-1980s]'' (1999), ''[http://www.fluxus-east.eu/ Fluxus East]'' (2007), ''[http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/seductive_subversion/ Seductive Subversion: Women Pop Artists, 1958–1968]'' (2010), ''[http://ops.thejewishmuseum.org/ Other Primary Structures]'' (reassessing [[#minimalism|Minimalism]], 2014), ''[http://schirn.de/sturmfrauen/digitorial/en/ Storm Women]'' (reassessing [[#expressionism|Expressionism]], 2015), ''[http://www.walkerart.org/calendar/2015/international-pop International Pop]'' (2015), ''[http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/ey-exhibition-world-goes-pop World Goes Pop]'' (2015). Another phenomenon are reprises, restagings and returns to style-defining exhibitions such as [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=OBMOkHU+1921&title=Special:Search&go=Go ''Second Spring Exhibition'' of Obmokhu at Tretyakov Gallery] (defining [[#constructivism|Constructivism]], opened 2006), ''[http://www.kunsthalle-duesseldorf.de/index.php?id=342 Living with Pop: A Reproduction of Capitalist Realism]'' (2013) and ''[http://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/c5eRpey/rERz8A Magiciens de la terre]'' (2014).</ref> | ||
− | The page puts forward the kind of visual art the historian of modernism wishes to see. Regardless, it does not intend to list the most significant artworks nor the most significant artists of the past 150 years. Admitting a certain power of the concepts of style and movement even today, this page can be seen as an entry point and contextual resource for | + | The page puts forward the kind of visual art the historian of modernism wishes to see. Regardless, it does not intend to list the most significant artworks nor the most significant artists of the past 150 years. Admitting a certain power of the concepts of style and movement even today, this page can be seen as an entry point and contextual resource for visual art which is not be based primarily on technique, subject matter, material or economic value of works nor on identity of their authors or owners. |
''First published on 23 May 2016.'' | ''First published on 23 May 2016.'' | ||
==Index== | ==Index== | ||
− | '' | + | ''Although the default is linear chronology, this is only one way to view the list: the four columns can be sorted, and you can click on any image to switch to visual mode.'' |
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: .9em; width:100%;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: .9em; width:100%;" | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
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''en'' [http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/neue-sachlichkeit Guggenheim], [http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100229775 Oxford DA], [http://books.google.com/books?id=mwf6RVGYLjgC&pg=PA507 Oxford DMCA], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/neue-sachlichkeit Tate], {{wp|New_Objectivity}}. ''it'' {{Treccani|neue-sachlichkeit}}. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|422}}. ''no'' [http://snl.no/Neue_Sachlichkeit SNL]. | ''en'' [http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/neue-sachlichkeit Guggenheim], [http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100229775 Oxford DA], [http://books.google.com/books?id=mwf6RVGYLjgC&pg=PA507 Oxford DMCA], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/neue-sachlichkeit Tate], {{wp|New_Objectivity}}. ''it'' {{Treccani|neue-sachlichkeit}}. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|422}}. ''no'' [http://snl.no/Neue_Sachlichkeit SNL]. | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
− | | {{a|surrealism}} [[Surrealism]] || {{sm|1925}} ''La Peinture surréaliste''<br>{{sm|1936}} ''[[Media:Exposition_surrealiste_d_objets_1936_catalogue.pdf|Exposition surréaliste d'objects]]''<br> {{sm|1936}} ''[[Media:The_International_Surrealist_Exhibition_1936_London_catalogue.pdf|International Surrealist Exhibition]]''<br>{{sm|1936}} ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=17511 Fantastic Art, Dada, Surrealism]''<br>{{sm|1938}} ''Exposition internationale du surréalisme''<br> {{sm|1972}} ''[http://www.hausderkunst.de/en/agenda/detail/surrealism-1/ Surrealism 1922–1942]'' || [[Breton#Breton1924|{{sm|1924}} Breton]]<br>[[Breton#Breton1925|{{sm|1925-27}} Breton]]<br>[[Breton#Breton1929|{{sm|1929}} Breton]]<br>{{sm|1930}} Bataille et al<br>[http://sci-hub. | + | | {{a|surrealism}} [[Surrealism]] || {{sm|1925}} ''La Peinture surréaliste''<br>{{sm|1936}} ''[[Media:Exposition_surrealiste_d_objets_1936_catalogue.pdf|Exposition surréaliste d'objects]]''<br> {{sm|1936}} ''[[Media:The_International_Surrealist_Exhibition_1936_London_catalogue.pdf|International Surrealist Exhibition]]''<br>{{sm|1936}} ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=17511 Fantastic Art, Dada, Surrealism]''<br>{{sm|1938}} ''Exposition internationale du surréalisme''<br> {{sm|1972}} ''[http://www.hausderkunst.de/en/agenda/detail/surrealism-1/ Surrealism 1922–1942]'' || [[Breton#Breton1924|{{sm|1924}} Breton]]<br>[[Breton#Breton1925|{{sm|1925-27}} Breton]]<br>[[Breton#Breton1929|{{sm|1929}} Breton]]<br>{{sm|1930}} Bataille et al<br>[http://sci-hub.st/10.2307/778393 {{sm|1985}} Krauss] || [[Max Ernst|Ernst]], [[Arp]] (DE-FR), [[Man Ray]] (US-FR), Masson (FR), Miró (ES), Tanguy (FR), Magritte, Mesens (BE), Giacometti (CH-FR), Sima (CZ-FR), Dalí (ES), Penrose (UK-FR), Toyen, Štyrský (CZ-FR), Brauner (RO-FR), Koga (JP), Ubac (BE-FR), [http://web.archive.org/web/20140104204403/http://meret-oppenheim.ch/index.php?c=bio Oppenheim] (DE-CH), Domínguez (ES), Paalen (AT-MX), Delvaux (BE), [http://www.dorotheatanning.org/ Tanning] (US), [http://www.matta-art.com/ Matta] (CL), Fini (AR), [http://www.wifredolam.net/ Lam] (CU-FR) || painting, sculpture, drawing, collage, relief, film || automatism, Freud's psychoan., [[#dada|dada]] |
|- class="expand-child notop" | |- class="expand-child notop" | ||
| || colspan="6" | | | || colspan="6" | | ||
Line 686: | Line 698: | ||
''en'' [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/f/fantastic-realism Tate], {{wp|Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism}}. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|200}}. ''hu'' [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/fantasztikus-realizmus Artportal]. | ''en'' [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/f/fantastic-realism Tate], {{wp|Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism}}. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|200}}. ''hu'' [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/fantasztikus-realizmus Artportal]. | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
− | | {{a|kineticart}} [[Kinetic art|Kinetic Art, Kineticism]] || {{sm|1955}} ''[[Kinetic_art#Exhibitions|Mouvement]]''<br>{{sm|1961}} ''Rörelse i konsten''<br>{{sm|1964-66}} Signals Gallery<br>{{sm|1966}} ''[[9 Evenings]]'' || [[Kinetic art#Vasarely1955|{{sm|1955}} Vasarely]]<br>{{sm|1964-66}} ''Signals'' || [[Tinguely]] (CH), [[Bury]] (BE-FR), [ | + | | {{a|kineticart}} [[Kinetic art|Kinetic Art, Kineticism]] || {{sm|1955}} ''[[Kinetic_art#Exhibitions|Mouvement]]''<br>{{sm|1961}} ''Rörelse i konsten''<br>{{sm|1964-66}} Signals Gallery<br>{{sm|1966}} ''[[9 Evenings]]'' || [[Kinetic art#Vasarely1955|{{sm|1955}} Vasarely]]<br>{{sm|1964-66}} ''Signals'' || [[Tinguely]] (CH), [[Bury]] (BE-FR), [[Jesús Rafael Soto|Soto]] (VE-FR), Agam (IL-FR), [[Takis]] (GR-FR), [[David Medalla|Medalla]] (PH-UK), [[GRAV]] (FR), [[Dvizheniye]] (RU) || sculpture || [[Gabo#mediaviewer/File:Gabo_Naum_1919-20_1985_Kinetic_Construction_Standing_Wave.jpg|Gabo 1919-20]], [http://www.moma.org/explore/multimedia/audios/339/4317 Duchamp 1924], [http://www.calder.org/work/by-category/hanging-mobile Calder 1932ff] |
|- class="expand-child notop" | |- class="expand-child notop" | ||
| || colspan="6" | | | || colspan="6" | | ||
Line 739: | Line 751: | ||
''en'' [http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10170 Grove], [http://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/themes/pop-art MoMA], [http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100337963 Oxford DA], [http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-PopArt-EN/ENS-PopArt-EN.htm Pompidou], [http://faculty.winthrop.edu/stockk/contemporary%20art/styles%20pop002.pdf SSM], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/pop-art Tate], {{wp|Pop_art}}. ''fr'' [http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-pop_art/ENS-pop_art.htm Pompidou]. ''it'' {{Treccani|pop-art}}. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|466}}. ''hu'' [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/pop-art Artportal], [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/pop-art-magyarorszagon Artportal]. ''no'' [http://snl.no/popkunst SNL]. | ''en'' [http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10170 Grove], [http://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/themes/pop-art MoMA], [http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100337963 Oxford DA], [http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-PopArt-EN/ENS-PopArt-EN.htm Pompidou], [http://faculty.winthrop.edu/stockk/contemporary%20art/styles%20pop002.pdf SSM], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/pop-art Tate], {{wp|Pop_art}}. ''fr'' [http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-pop_art/ENS-pop_art.htm Pompidou]. ''it'' {{Treccani|pop-art}}. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|466}}. ''hu'' [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/pop-art Artportal], [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/pop-art-magyarorszagon Artportal]. ''no'' [http://snl.no/popkunst SNL]. | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
− | | {{a|zero}} Zero || {{sm|1957}} ''[http://www.4321zero.com/1957.html First Evening Exhibition]''<br>{{sm|1958}} ''[http://www.4321zero.com/1958.html The Red Picture]''<br>{{sm|1959}} ''[http://www.4321zero.com/1959.html Motion in Vision–Vision in Motion]''<br>{{sm|1960}} ''[http://www.4321zero.com/1960.html The New Conception]''<br>{{sm|1961}} ''[http://www.4321zero.com/1961.html ZERO. Edition, Exposition, Demonstration]''<br>{{sm|1962}} ''[http://www.4321zero.com/1962.html Nul 62]''<br>{{sm|2014}} ''[http://exhibitions.guggenheim.org/zero/ ZERO: Countdown to Tomorrow]'' || {{sm|1958-61}} ''Zero''<br>[http://www.zerofoundation.de/statements.html {{sm|1964}} Piene] || Piene, Mack, Uecker (DE), [http://www.yveskleinarchives.org Klein] (FR), Tinguely (CH), Fontana (AR-IT), Manzoni (IT), Bury (BE-FR), Soto (VE-FR), Spoerri (RO-CH), Nul group (NL) || painting, sculpture, drawing, environment, performance || [[#kineticart|kinetic art]] | + | | {{a|zero}} [[Zero]] || {{sm|1957}} ''[http://www.4321zero.com/1957.html First Evening Exhibition]''<br>{{sm|1958}} ''[http://www.4321zero.com/1958.html The Red Picture]''<br>{{sm|1959}} ''[http://www.4321zero.com/1959.html Motion in Vision–Vision in Motion]''<br>{{sm|1960}} ''[http://www.4321zero.com/1960.html The New Conception]''<br>{{sm|1961}} ''[http://www.4321zero.com/1961.html ZERO. Edition, Exposition, Demonstration]''<br>{{sm|1962}} ''[http://www.4321zero.com/1962.html Nul 62]''<br>{{sm|2014}} ''[http://exhibitions.guggenheim.org/zero/ ZERO: Countdown to Tomorrow]'' || {{sm|1958-61}} ''Zero''<br>[http://www.zerofoundation.de/statements.html {{sm|1964}} Piene] || [[Otto Piene|Piene]], Mack, Uecker (DE), [http://www.yveskleinarchives.org Klein] (FR), [[Jean Tinguely|Tinguely]] (CH), Fontana (AR-IT), Manzoni (IT), [[Pol Bury|Bury]] (BE-FR), [[Jesús Rafael Soto|Soto]] (VE-FR), [[Daniel Spoerri|Spoerri]] (RO-CH), Nul group (NL) || painting, sculpture, drawing, environment, performance || [[#kineticart|kinetic art]] |
|- class="expand-child notop" | |- class="expand-child notop" | ||
| || colspan="6" | | | || colspan="6" | | ||
Line 813: | Line 825: | ||
''en'' [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/e/environments Tate], {{wp|Installation_art}} i.a. ''it'' {{Treccani|environment}}. ''hu'' [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/environment Artportal] <br> | ''en'' [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/e/environments Tate], {{wp|Installation_art}} i.a. ''it'' {{Treccani|environment}}. ''hu'' [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/environment Artportal] <br> | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
− | | {{a|fluxus}} [[Fluxus]] || {{sm|1961}} AG Gallery events<br>{{sm|1962}} ''[http://www.fondazionebonotto.org/fluxus/collective/document/fx0452.html?page=2 Kleines Sommerfest: après John Cage]''<br>{{sm|2007}} ''[http://www.fluxus-east.eu/ Fluxus East]'' || [[Media:Maciunas_George_1963_Fluxus_Manifesto.jpg|{{sm|1963}} Maciunas]]<br>[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=2138 {{sm|1963}} Monte Young]<br>[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=2085 {{sm|1998}} Friedman] || [[George Maciunas|Maciunas]], [ | + | | {{a|fluxus}} [[Fluxus]] || {{sm|1961}} AG Gallery events<br>{{sm|1962}} ''[http://www.fondazionebonotto.org/fluxus/collective/document/fx0452.html?page=2 Kleines Sommerfest: après John Cage]''<br>{{sm|2007}} ''[http://www.fluxus-east.eu/ Fluxus East]'' || [[Media:Maciunas_George_1963_Fluxus_Manifesto.jpg|{{sm|1963}} Maciunas]]<br>[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=2138 {{sm|1963}} Monte Young]<br>[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=2085 {{sm|1998}} Friedman] || [[George Maciunas|Maciunas]], [[Henry Flynt|Flynt]], [[George Brecht|G Brecht]] (US), [http://www.ben-vautier.com/ Vautier] (FR), Watts, [[Dick Higgins|Higgins]], [[Alison Knowles|Knowles]], [[Benjamin Patterson|Patterson]], [[Paik]], [http://www.emmett-williams.com/ Williams], [http://web.archive.org/web/20110207102717/http://alicehutchins.com/ Hutchins] (US), [http://imaginepeace.com/ Ono] (JP-US), [http://www.tomasschmit.com/ Schmit], [[Beuys]] (DE), [[Filliou]] (FR), Tokyo Fluxus (JP) || performance, sculpture, printmaking || expanded arts |
|- class="expand-child notop" | |- class="expand-child notop" | ||
| || colspan="6" | | | || colspan="6" | | ||
Line 835: | Line 847: | ||
''en'' [[Viennese Actionism|Monoskop]], [http://books.google.com/books?id=mwf6RVGYLjgC&pg=PA736 Oxford DMCA], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/actionism Tate], {{wp|Viennese_Actionism}}. ''fr'' {{Larousse|6}}. ''es'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA5 Akal]. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|37}}. ''hu'' [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/akcionizmus Artportal]. | ''en'' [[Viennese Actionism|Monoskop]], [http://books.google.com/books?id=mwf6RVGYLjgC&pg=PA736 Oxford DMCA], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/actionism Tate], {{wp|Viennese_Actionism}}. ''fr'' {{Larousse|6}}. ''es'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA5 Akal]. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|37}}. ''hu'' [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/akcionizmus Artportal]. | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
− | | {{a|bodyart}} [[ | + | | {{a|bodyart}} [[Performance art|Body Art]] || || {{sm|1970-76}} ''Avalanche''<br>[http://pzacad.pitzer.edu/~mma/teaching/MS93/reading/jones-bodyart-intro+ch1.pdf {{sm|1998}} Jones] || Acconci, [http://www.eai.org/artistTitles.htm?id=411 Burden], [[Carolee Schneemann|Schneemann]], Wilke, [[Ukeles]], McCarthy, [[Nauman]], [[Benglis]], [[Rosler]] (US), [http://www.yayoi-kusama.jp Kusama], [[Yoko Ono|Ono]], [[Shigeko Kubota|Kubota]] (JP-US), Mendieta (CU-US), Pane, Journiac, [http://www.orlan.eu/ Orlan] (FR), [[Valie Export]] (AT), [[Iveković]], [[Marina Abramović|Abramović]], [[Gotovac]] (YU), [http://www.artlist.cz/en/jan-mlcoch-103299/ Mlčoch], [http://www.artlist.cz/en/petr-stembera-102655/ Štembera] (CZ), Bereś, KwieKulik (PL), Hajas (HU), Brătescu, Grigorescu (RO) || performance, happening, painting, sculpture, photography, film, video || [[#happening|happening]], [[#fluxus|Fluxus]], contemp. dance, [[#actionism|actionism]], destruction art |
|- class="expand-child notop" | |- class="expand-child notop" | ||
| || colspan="6" | | | || colspan="6" | | ||
Line 944: | Line 956: | ||
''en'' [[Expanded cinema|Monoskop]], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/e/expanded-cinema Tate]. ''hu'' [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/expanded-cinema Artportal] | ''en'' [[Expanded cinema|Monoskop]], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/e/expanded-cinema Tate]. ''hu'' [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/expanded-cinema Artportal] | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
− | | {{a|videoart}} [[Video art|Video Art]] || {{sm|1966}} ''[[9 Evenings]]''<br>{{sm|1968}} ''[[The Machine as Seen at the End of the Mechanical Age]]''<br>{{sm|1969}} ''[[Media:TV_as_a_Creative_Medium_1969.pdf|TV as a Creative Medium]]''<br>{{sm|1970}} ''[[Information_(1970_exhibition)|Information]]''<br>{{sm|1971}} [[The Kitchen]] opens<br>{{sm|1972-77}} ''[[April Meetings]]''<br>The Video Show || {{sm|1970-74}} ''[[Radical Software]]''<br>[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=218 {{sm|1970}} Youngblood] || [[Paik]] (KO-DE-US), [[Vostell]] (DE), [[Les Levine|L Levine]] (IE-CA-US), [[Tambellini]] (IT-US), [[Nauman]], [[Ant Farm]], [[Sonnier]], [[Acconci]], [[Viola]] (US), [[Vasulkas]] (CZ-IS-US), [[Valie Export]] (AT), [[Rosenbach]] (DE), [[David Hall|D Hall]] (UK), [[Nuša and Srečo Dragan|Dragans]] (SL), [[Wojciech Bruszewski|Bruszewski]] (PL), [http://www.jondavies.ca/campbell_guide_4thproof.pdf C Campbell] (CA), [[Jonas]], [[Benglis]], [[Gary Hill|G Hill]] (US), [[ | + | | {{a|videoart}} [[Video art|Video Art]] || {{sm|1966}} ''[[9 Evenings]]''<br>{{sm|1968}} ''[[The Machine as Seen at the End of the Mechanical Age]]''<br>{{sm|1969}} ''[[Media:TV_as_a_Creative_Medium_1969.pdf|TV as a Creative Medium]]''<br>{{sm|1970}} ''[[Information_(1970_exhibition)|Information]]''<br>{{sm|1971}} [[The Kitchen]] opens<br>{{sm|1972-77}} ''[[April Meetings]]''<br>The Video Show || {{sm|1970-74}} ''[[Radical Software]]''<br>[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=218 {{sm|1970}} Youngblood] || [[Paik]] (KO-DE-US), [[Vostell]] (DE), [[Les Levine|L Levine]] (IE-CA-US), [[Tambellini]] (IT-US), [[Nauman]], [[Ant Farm]], [[Sonnier]], [[Acconci]], [[Viola]] (US), [[Vasulkas]] (CZ-IS-US), [[Valie Export]] (AT), [[Rosenbach]] (DE), [[David Hall|D Hall]] (UK), [[Nuša and Srečo Dragan|Dragans]] (SL), [[Wojciech Bruszewski|Bruszewski]] (PL), [http://www.jondavies.ca/campbell_guide_4thproof.pdf C Campbell] (CA), [[Jonas]], [[Benglis]], [[Gary Hill|G Hill]] (US), [[Iveković]], [[Dalibor Martinis|Martinis]] (CR), [[Jozef Robakowski|Robakowski]] (PL), Mendieta (CU-US) || video, installation, sculpture, performance, broadcast || television, media, [[McLuhan]] |
|- class="expand-child notop" | |- class="expand-child notop" | ||
| || colspan="6" | | | || colspan="6" | | ||
Line 975: | Line 987: | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
− | | {{a|artepovera}} Arte Povera || {{sm|1967}} ''Arte povera – IM Spazio''<br>{{sm|1968}} ''[http://www.defoscherari.com/archivio-1963-2000-galleria-arte-de-foscherari-bologna/arte-povera-1968 Arte Povera]''<br>{{sm|1968}} ''Arte Povera+Azioni Povere'' || [http://www.flashartonline.it/article/arte-povera/ {{sm|1967}} Celant]<br>[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=19521 {{sm|1969}} Celant] || Anselmo, Boetti, Calzolari, Fabro, Gilardi, Mario Merz, Marisa Merz, Paolini, Pascali, Penone, [http://www.pistoletto.it Pistoletto], Prini, Zorio (IT), Kounellis (GR-IT) || sculpture, installation, happening, performance || [[#conceptualart|conceptual art]], Pasolini | + | | {{a|artepovera}} [[Arte Povera]] || {{sm|1967}} ''Arte povera – IM Spazio''<br>{{sm|1968}} ''[http://www.defoscherari.com/archivio-1963-2000-galleria-arte-de-foscherari-bologna/arte-povera-1968 Arte Povera]''<br>{{sm|1968}} ''Arte Povera+Azioni Povere'' || [http://www.flashartonline.it/article/arte-povera/ {{sm|1967}} Celant]<br>[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=19521 {{sm|1969}} Celant] || Anselmo, Boetti, Calzolari, Fabro, Gilardi, Mario Merz, Marisa Merz, Paolini, Pascali, Penone, [http://www.pistoletto.it Pistoletto], Prini, Zorio (IT), Kounellis (GR-IT) || sculpture, installation, happening, performance || [[#conceptualart|conceptual art]], Pasolini |
|- class="expand-child notop" | |- class="expand-child notop" | ||
| || colspan="6" | | | || colspan="6" | | ||
Line 986: | Line 998: | ||
''en'' [http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10454 Grove], [http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/arte-povera Guggenheim], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/arte-povera Tate], {{wp|Arte_Povera}}. ''fr'' {{Larousse|44}}, [http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-ArtePovera/ENS-ArtePovera.htm Pompidou]. ''it'' {{Treccani|arte-povera}}. ''es'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA32 Akal]. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|572}}. ''hu'' [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/arte-povera Artportal]. | ''en'' [http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10454 Grove], [http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/arte-povera Guggenheim], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/arte-povera Tate], {{wp|Arte_Povera}}. ''fr'' {{Larousse|44}}, [http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-ArtePovera/ENS-ArtePovera.htm Pompidou]. ''it'' {{Treccani|arte-povera}}. ''es'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA32 Akal]. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|572}}. ''hu'' [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/arte-povera Artportal]. | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
− | | {{a|performanceart}} [[Performance Art]] || {{sm|1998}} ''[http://www.moca.org/exhibition/out-of-actions-between-performance-and-the-object-1949-1979 Out of Actions: Between Performance and the Object, 1949-1979]'' || [http://monoskop.org/log/?p=3978 {{sm|1979}} Goldberg]<br>[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=3333 {{sm|1998}} Schimmel] || [[Vito Acconci|Acconci]], [http://www.eai.org/artistTitles.htm?id=411 Burden], [[Bruce Nauman|Nauman]], [http://www.dennis-oppenheim.com/ Oppenheim], [http://www.eai.org/artists/dan-graham Graham], [[Joan Jonas|Jonas]], [http://www.meredithmonk.org Monk], [http://adrianpiper.com Piper], [[Carolee Schneemann]], [[Ukeles]], [http://www.laurieanderson.com/ Laurie Anderson] (US), [[Yoko Ono|Ono]] (JP-US), [http://www.rebecca-horn.de/ Horn], [[Joseph Beuys|Beuys]] (DE), [http://tehchinghsieh.com/ Hsieh] (TW), [http://stelarc.org Stelarc] (CY-AU), [[ | + | | {{a|performanceart}} [[Performance Art]] || {{sm|1998}} ''[http://www.moca.org/exhibition/out-of-actions-between-performance-and-the-object-1949-1979 Out of Actions: Between Performance and the Object, 1949-1979]'' || [http://monoskop.org/log/?p=3978 {{sm|1979}} Goldberg]<br>[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=3333 {{sm|1998}} Schimmel] || [[Vito Acconci|Acconci]], [http://www.eai.org/artistTitles.htm?id=411 Burden], [[Bruce Nauman|Nauman]], [http://www.dennis-oppenheim.com/ Oppenheim], [http://www.eai.org/artists/dan-graham Graham], [[Joan Jonas|Jonas]], [http://www.meredithmonk.org Monk], [http://adrianpiper.com Piper], [[Carolee Schneemann]], [[Ukeles]], [http://www.laurieanderson.com/ Laurie Anderson] (US), [[Yoko Ono|Ono]] (JP-US), [http://www.rebecca-horn.de/ Horn], [[Joseph Beuys|Beuys]] (DE), [http://tehchinghsieh.com/ Hsieh] (TW), [http://stelarc.org Stelarc] (CY-AU), [[Iveković]], [[Marina Abramović|Abramović]] (YU), [http://www.artlist.cz/en/jan-mlcoch-103299/ Mlčoch], [http://www.artlist.cz/en/petr-stembera-102655/ Štembera] (CZ), [http://www.cricoteka.pl/en/main.php?d=tkantor&kat=33&id=13 Kantor], [http://culture.pl/en/artist/zbigniew-warpechowski Warpechowski], [http://culture.pl/en/artist/wlodzimierz-borowski Borowski], [http://culture.pl/en/artist/jerzy-beres Bereś] (PL), [https://artportal.hu/lexikon-muvesz/st--auby-tamas-228/ Szentjóby] (HU), [[Ion Grigorescu|Grigorescu]] (RO) || performance || [[#happening|happening]], [[#fluxus|Fluxus]], [[#bodyart|body art]], [[#actionism|actionism]], contemp. dance |
|- class="expand-child notop" | |- class="expand-child notop" | ||
| || colspan="6" | | | || colspan="6" | | ||
Line 997: | Line 1,009: | ||
''en'' [http://www.britannica.com/art/performance-art Britannica], [http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10463 Grove], [http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/performance Guggenheim], [http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100317137 Oxford DA], [http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199920105/obo-9780199920105-0047.xml Oxford Bib], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/performance-art Tate], {{wp|Performance_art}}. ''es'' [http://cvaa.com.ar/02dossiers/accion/2_intro.php CVAA]. ''fr'' [http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-Performance/ Pompidou]. ''it'' {{Treccani|performance}}. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|454}}. ''hu'' [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/performance Artportal]. ''sl'' [http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/performans/ Pojmovnik]. | ''en'' [http://www.britannica.com/art/performance-art Britannica], [http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10463 Grove], [http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/performance Guggenheim], [http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100317137 Oxford DA], [http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199920105/obo-9780199920105-0047.xml Oxford Bib], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/performance-art Tate], {{wp|Performance_art}}. ''es'' [http://cvaa.com.ar/02dossiers/accion/2_intro.php CVAA]. ''fr'' [http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-Performance/ Pompidou]. ''it'' {{Treccani|performance}}. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|454}}. ''hu'' [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/performance Artportal]. ''sl'' [http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/performans/ Pojmovnik]. | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
− | | {{a|blackarts}} Black Arts Movement || {{sm|1968}} Weusi at Stony Brook U<br>{{sm|1970}} ''AfriCOBRA 1: Ten in Search of a Nation''<br>{{sm|1971}} ''Where We At: Black Women Artists''<br>{{sm|2010}} ''[http://www.northwestern.edu/newscenter/stories/2010/01/africobra.html AfriCOBRA]''<br>{{sm|2015}} ''[http://exhibitions.mcachicago.org/freedomprinciple/ The Freedom Principle]''<br>{{sm|2018}} ''[https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/soul_of_a_nation Soul of a Nation]'' || [http://nka.dukejournals.org/content/2012/30/76.full.pdf {{sm|1970}} Donaldson] || Andrews, Bellow, Brown, [http://artbymariecalloway.com Calloway], Donaldson, [http://web.archive.org/web/20120323114910/http://africobra.com/JaePage_1.html J Jarrell], [http://web.archive.org/web/20120323114603/http://africobra.com/WadsworthPage1.html W Jarrell], [http://art.artandutility.com/~benfjone/ Jones], [http://web.archive.org/web/20120323115204/http://africobra.com/BarbaraPage1.html Jones-Hogu], Lawrence, [http://web.archive.org/web/20120323115305/http://africobra.com/HowardPage1.html Mallory], [http://www.weusiart.com/#!dindga-mccannon/ccz3 McCannon], [http://www.weusiart.com/#!ademola-olugebefola-/c1c5p Olugebefola], Riddle, [http://www.betyesaar.net/ Saar], collectives: [http://www.weusiart.com/ Weusi], [ | + | | {{a|blackarts}} Black Arts Movement || {{sm|1968}} Weusi at Stony Brook U<br>{{sm|1970}} ''AfriCOBRA 1: Ten in Search of a Nation''<br>{{sm|1971}} ''Where We At: Black Women Artists''<br>{{sm|2010}} ''[http://www.northwestern.edu/newscenter/stories/2010/01/africobra.html AfriCOBRA]''<br>{{sm|2015}} ''[http://exhibitions.mcachicago.org/freedomprinciple/ The Freedom Principle]''<br>{{sm|2018}} ''[https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/soul_of_a_nation Soul of a Nation]'' || [http://nka.dukejournals.org/content/2012/30/76.full.pdf {{sm|1970}} Donaldson]<br>[http://library.memoryoftheworld.org/#/book/271ec0ff-77a8-46e1-99e1-e1b2c3acc0c9 {{sm|2018}} Morgan] || Andrews, Bellow, Brown, [http://artbymariecalloway.com Calloway], Donaldson, [http://web.archive.org/web/20120323114910/http://africobra.com/JaePage_1.html J Jarrell], [http://web.archive.org/web/20120323114603/http://africobra.com/WadsworthPage1.html W Jarrell], [http://art.artandutility.com/~benfjone/ Jones], [http://web.archive.org/web/20120323115204/http://africobra.com/BarbaraPage1.html Jones-Hogu], Lawrence, [http://web.archive.org/web/20120323115305/http://africobra.com/HowardPage1.html Mallory], [http://www.weusiart.com/#!dindga-mccannon/ccz3 McCannon], [http://www.weusiart.com/#!ademola-olugebefola-/c1c5p Olugebefola], Riddle, [http://www.betyesaar.net/ Saar], collectives: [http://www.weusiart.com/ Weusi], [[AfriCOBRA]], Where We At (US) || printmaking, collage, painting, quilt || [http://www.ohio.edu/people/hartleyg/docs/blackarts_neal.html Neal 1968], liberation, equality |
|- class="expand-child notop" | |- class="expand-child notop" | ||
| || colspan="6" | | | || colspan="6" | | ||
Line 1,052: | Line 1,064: | ||
''en'' [https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T067235 Grove] p., [http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/photorealism Guggenheim] p., [http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095954859 Oxford DA] h., [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/photorealism Tate] p., [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/h/hyper-realism Tate] h., {{wp|Photorealism}}, {{wp|Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)}} h. ''it'' {{Treccani|iperrealismo}} h. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|265}} h. ''hu'' [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/fotorealizmus Artportal]. ''sl'' [http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/fotorealizem/ Pojmovnik] p. | ''en'' [https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T067235 Grove] p., [http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/photorealism Guggenheim] p., [http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095954859 Oxford DA] h., [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/photorealism Tate] p., [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/h/hyper-realism Tate] h., {{wp|Photorealism}}, {{wp|Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)}} h. ''it'' {{Treccani|iperrealismo}} h. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|265}} h. ''hu'' [http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/fotorealizmus Artportal]. ''sl'' [http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/fotorealizem/ Pojmovnik] p. | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
− | | {{a|conceptualart}} [[Conceptual art|Conceptual Art]] || {{sm|1969}} ''[http://www.primaryinformation.org/files/january1969.pdf January 1-31]''<br>{{sm|1969}} ''[http://ubu.com/historical/szeemann/ When Attitudes Become Form]''<br>1971 ''At Another Moment''<br>{{sm|1972}} ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=14502 Documenta 5]''<br>{{sm|1999}} ''[http://post.at.moma.org/content_items/580-global-conceptualism-reflections Global Conceptualism: Points of Origin 1950-1980s]'' || [[Conceptual_art#Flynt1961|{{sm|1961}} Flynt]]<br>[[Conceptual_art#LeWitt1967|{{sm|1967}} LeWitt]]<br>[[Conceptual_art#Kosuth1969|{{sm|1969}} Kosuth]]<br>[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=16285 {{sm|1973}} Lippard]<br>[http://www.corner-college.com/udb/cproIhsEiyBuchloh_-_Conceptual_Art.pdf {{sm|1990}} Buchloh] || Kosuth, LeWitt (US), Art&Language (UK), Darboven (DE), Bochner, Weiner, [[Douglas Huebler|D Huebler]] (US), Broodthaers (BE), Buren (FR), Graham (US), Haacke (DE-US), Piper, Ruscha (US), [[Darboven]] (DE), [[Gorgona]] (CR), OHO (SL), KÔD, [[Dordevic|Đorđević]] (SR), [[Erdely|Erdély]], Szentjóby (HU), Borowski, Kozłowski (PL), [[Koller]], [[Filko]] (SK), Kabakov, Komar & Melamid, Collective Actions (RU) || sculpture, printmaking, performance, painting || readymade, [[#landart|land art]] | + | | {{a|conceptualart}} [[Conceptual art|Conceptual Art]] || {{sm|1969}} ''[http://www.primaryinformation.org/files/january1969.pdf January 1-31]''<br>{{sm|1969}} ''[http://ubu.com/historical/szeemann/ When Attitudes Become Form]''<br>1971 ''At Another Moment''<br>{{sm|1972}} ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=14502 Documenta 5]''<br>{{sm|1999}} ''[http://post.at.moma.org/content_items/580-global-conceptualism-reflections Global Conceptualism: Points of Origin 1950-1980s]'' || [[Conceptual_art#Flynt1961|{{sm|1961}} Flynt]]<br>[[Conceptual_art#LeWitt1967|{{sm|1967}} LeWitt]]<br>[[Conceptual_art#Kosuth1969|{{sm|1969}} Kosuth]]<br>[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=16285 {{sm|1973}} Lippard]<br>[http://www.corner-college.com/udb/cproIhsEiyBuchloh_-_Conceptual_Art.pdf {{sm|1990}} Buchloh] || [[Kosuth]], LeWitt (US), Art&Language (UK), Darboven (DE), Bochner, Weiner, [[Douglas Huebler|D Huebler]] (US), [[Broodthaers]] (BE), Buren (FR), Graham (US), [[Haacke]] (DE-US), [[Piper]], Ruscha (US), [[Darboven]] (DE), [[Gorgona]] (CR), [[OHO]] (SL), [[Kôd_Group|KÔD]], [[Dordevic|Đorđević]] (SR), [[Erdely|Erdély]], Szentjóby (HU), Borowski, Kozłowski (PL), [[Koller]], [[Filko]] (SK), [[Kabakov]], Komar & Melamid, [[Collective Actions]] (RU) || sculpture, printmaking, performance, painting || readymade, [[#landart|land art]] |
|- class="expand-child notop" | |- class="expand-child notop" | ||
| || colspan="6" | | | || colspan="6" | | ||
Line 1,064: | Line 1,076: | ||
{{sm|AUTH}} [http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300264827 AAT]. | {{sm|AUTH}} [http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300264827 AAT]. | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
− | | {{a|institutionalcritique}} Institutional Critique || {{sm|1971}} Guggenheim cancels Haacke's show<br>{{sm|1971}} Guggenheim censores Buren's work || [http://everydayarchive.org/awt/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/buren_studio.pdf {{sm|1971}} Buren]<br>[[Haacke#Haacke1977|{{sm|1977}} Haacke]]<br>[http://www.corner-college.com/udb/cproIhsEiyBuchloh_-_Conceptual_Art.pdf {{sm|1990}} Buchloh] || [[Haacke]] (DE-US), [[Broodthaers]] (BE), [http://www.danielburen.com Buren] (FR), Asher, [[Rosler]], [http://www.guerrillagirls.com/ Guerrilla Girls], [[Fraser]] (US), [[Wodiczko]] (PL-US) || sculpture, installation, performance || [[#conceptualart|conceptual art]], [[Foucault]] | + | | {{a|institutionalcritique}} [[Institutional Critique]] || {{sm|1971}} Guggenheim cancels Haacke's show<br>{{sm|1971}} Guggenheim censores Buren's work || [http://everydayarchive.org/awt/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/buren_studio.pdf {{sm|1971}} Buren]<br>[[Haacke#Haacke1977|{{sm|1977}} Haacke]]<br>[http://www.corner-college.com/udb/cproIhsEiyBuchloh_-_Conceptual_Art.pdf {{sm|1990}} Buchloh] || [[Haacke]] (DE-US), [[Broodthaers]] (BE), [http://www.danielburen.com Buren] (FR), Asher, [[Rosler]], [http://www.guerrillagirls.com/ Guerrilla Girls], [[Fraser]] (US), [[Wodiczko]] (PL-US) || sculpture, installation, performance || [[#conceptualart|conceptual art]], [[Foucault]] |
|- class="expand-child notop" | |- class="expand-child notop" | ||
| || colspan="6" | | | || colspan="6" | | ||
Line 1,085: | Line 1,097: | ||
''en'' [[Systems_art|Monoskop]], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/system-art Tate], {{wp|Systems_art}}. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|574}}. | ''en'' [[Systems_art|Monoskop]], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/system-art Tate], {{wp|Systems_art}}. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|574}}. | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
− | | {{a|feministart}} Feminist Art || {{sm|1969}} Women Artists in Revolution protest<br>{{sm|1971}} ''26 Women Artists''<br>{{sm|1972}} ''[http://womanhouse.refugia.net/ Womanhouse]''<br>{{sm|1973}} ''[http://vimeo.com/13161472 c. 7,500]''<br>{{sm|1975}} ''Magna Feminismus: Kunst und Kreativität''<br>{{sm|2007}}''[http://www.moca.org/exhibition/wack-art-and-the-feminist-revolution WACK!: Art and the Feminist Revolution]'' || [http://www.artnews.com/2015/05/30/why-have-there-been-no-great-women-artists/ {{sm|1971}} Nochlin]<br>{{sm|1971-73}} ''West-East Bag'' newsletter<br>{{sm|1972-77}} ''Feminist Art Journal''<br>{{sm|1976}} Lippard || [[Louise Bourgeois|Bourgeois]] (FR-US), [ | + | | {{a|feministart}} [[Feminist Art]] || {{sm|1969}} Women Artists in Revolution protest<br>{{sm|1971}} ''26 Women Artists''<br>{{sm|1972}} ''[http://womanhouse.refugia.net/ Womanhouse]''<br>{{sm|1973}} ''[http://vimeo.com/13161472 c. 7,500]''<br>{{sm|1975}} ''Magna Feminismus: Kunst und Kreativität''<br>{{sm|2007}}''[http://www.moca.org/exhibition/wack-art-and-the-feminist-revolution WACK!: Art and the Feminist Revolution]'' || [http://www.artnews.com/2015/05/30/why-have-there-been-no-great-women-artists/ {{sm|1971}} Nochlin]<br>{{sm|1971-73}} ''West-East Bag'' newsletter<br>{{sm|1972-77}} ''Feminist Art Journal''<br>[[Lippard#Lippard1976|{{sm|1976}} Lippard]] || [[Louise Bourgeois|Bourgeois]] (FR-US), [[Hesse]] (DE-US), [[Yayoi Kusama|Kusama]] (JP), [[Schneemann]], [http://www.judychicago.com Chicago] (US), Schapiro (CA-US), Mendieta (CU-US), Ringgold, Kruger, [[Rosler]], [[Sherman]], Holzer, Benglis, [http://www.guerrillagirls.com/ Guerrilla Girls] (US), [[Valie Export]] (AT), Abakanowicz, [[Partum]] (PL), [[Iveković]] (YU) || sculpture, painting, performance, installation || |
|- class="expand-child notop" | |- class="expand-child notop" | ||
| || colspan="6" | | | || colspan="6" | | ||
Line 1,187: | Line 1,199: | ||
''en'' [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/r/resistance-art Tate]. | ''en'' [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/r/resistance-art Tate]. | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
− | | {{a|pictures}} Pictures Generation || {{sm|1977}} ''[[Pictures]]''<br>{{sm|2009}} ''[http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2009/pictures-generation Pictures Generation]'' || [http://academia.edu/5724916/ {{sm|1979}} Crimp]<br>[http://sci-hub. | + | | {{a|pictures}} Pictures Generation || {{sm|1977}} ''[[Pictures]]''<br>{{sm|2009}} ''[http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2009/pictures-generation Pictures Generation]'' || [http://academia.edu/5724916/ {{sm|1979}} Crimp]<br>[http://sci-hub.st/10.2307/778575 {{sm|1980}} Owens], [http://sci-hub.st/10.2307/3397702 (2)] || [[Sherman]], [http://www.aftersherrielevine.com/ Levine], [http://www.richardprince.com/ Prince], [http://www.barbarakruger.com/ Kruger] (US), [[Jack Goldstein|Goldstein]] (CA-US) || photography, film, video, performance, painting || mass culture, appropriation, [[#performanceart|performance art]], [[Barthes#Barthes1968|Barthes 1967]] |
|- class="expand-child notop" | |- class="expand-child notop" | ||
| || colspan="6" | | | || colspan="6" | | ||
Line 1,405: | Line 1,417: | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
''FR'' [https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AArt%20relationnel Pompidou]. ''INT'' [https://www.artsy.net/gene/relational-aesthetics Artsy].<br> | ''FR'' [https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AArt%20relationnel Pompidou]. ''INT'' [https://www.artsy.net/gene/relational-aesthetics Artsy].<br> | ||
− | ''en'' [ | + | ''en'' [https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2093934 Grove], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/r/relational-aesthetics Tate]. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|547}}. |
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
| {{a|newgenrepublicart}} New Genre Public Art || {{sm|1993}} ''Culture in Action'' || [https://monoskop.org/log/?p=19518 {{sm|1995}} Lacy]<br>[https://monoskop.org/images/d/d3/Kwon_Miwon_One_Place_after_Another_Site-Specific_Art_and_Locational_Identity.pdf#page=113 {{sm|2002}} Kwon] || [http://www.suzannelacy.com Lacy], Dion (US), [http://www.taniabruguera.com Bruguera] (CU-US) || || | | {{a|newgenrepublicart}} New Genre Public Art || {{sm|1993}} ''Culture in Action'' || [https://monoskop.org/log/?p=19518 {{sm|1995}} Lacy]<br>[https://monoskop.org/images/d/d3/Kwon_Miwon_One_Place_after_Another_Site-Specific_Art_and_Locational_Identity.pdf#page=113 {{sm|2002}} Kwon] || [http://www.suzannelacy.com Lacy], Dion (US), [http://www.taniabruguera.com Bruguera] (CU-US) || || | ||
Line 1,417: | Line 1,429: | ||
''en'' [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/new-genre-public-art Tate]. | ''en'' [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/new-genre-public-art Tate]. | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
− | | {{a|abjectart}} Abject Art || {{sm|1993}} ''Abject Art'' || [http://sci-hub. | + | | {{a|abjectart}} Abject Art || {{sm|1993}} ''Abject Art'' || [http://sci-hub.st/10.2307/778965 {{sm|1994}} ''October'']<br>[http://sci-hub.st/10.2307/778908 {{sm|1996}} Foster] || [[Sherman]], Kelley, McCarthy, Bourgeois, [http://www.caroleeschneemann.com Schneemann], Gober, K Smith (US), Chadwick, Gilbert&George, Lucas, Chapman bros (UK) || sculpture, performance, installation || [[Kristeva#Kristeva1980|Kristeva 1980]], [[Bataille]], [[#feministart|feminist art]] |
|- class="expand-child notop" | |- class="expand-child notop" | ||
| || colspan="6" | | | || colspan="6" | | ||
Line 1,456: | Line 1,468: | ||
''US'' [http://turbulence.org/ Turbulence]. ''INT'' [https://www.artsy.net/gene/net-art Artsy].<br> | ''US'' [http://turbulence.org/ Turbulence]. ''INT'' [https://www.artsy.net/gene/net-art Artsy].<br> | ||
''en'' [https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2287852 Grove], [http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/networked-art Guggenheim], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/net-art Tate]. ''it'' {{Treccani|net-art}}. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|283}}. ''sl'' [http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/netart_spletna_umetnost/ Pojmovnik]. | ''en'' [https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2287852 Grove], [http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/networked-art Guggenheim], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/net-art Tate]. ''it'' {{Treccani|net-art}}. ''cr'' {{Suvakovic|283}}. ''sl'' [http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/netart_spletna_umetnost/ Pojmovnik]. | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
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− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
| {{a|afrofuturism}} [[Afrofuturism]] || {{sm|2013}} ''[http://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/the-shadows-took-shape The Shadows Took Shape]''<br>{{sm|2015}} ''[http://www.nypl.org/events/exhibitions/unveiling-visions Unveiling Visions]'' || {{sm|1994}} Dery<br>[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=805 {{sm|1998}} Eshun] || Akomfrah (GH-UK), Kia Henda (AO), [http://otolithgroup.org/ Otolith Group] (UK), [http://wangechimutu.com/ Mutu] (KE-US), [http://www.lademiddel.com/ De Middel] (ES-UK) || || mythology, race, technology | | {{a|afrofuturism}} [[Afrofuturism]] || {{sm|2013}} ''[http://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/the-shadows-took-shape The Shadows Took Shape]''<br>{{sm|2015}} ''[http://www.nypl.org/events/exhibitions/unveiling-visions Unveiling Visions]'' || {{sm|1994}} Dery<br>[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=805 {{sm|1998}} Eshun] || Akomfrah (GH-UK), Kia Henda (AO), [http://otolithgroup.org/ Otolith Group] (UK), [http://wangechimutu.com/ Mutu] (KE-US), [http://www.lademiddel.com/ De Middel] (ES-UK) || || mythology, race, technology | ||
Line 1,478: | Line 1,480: | ||
''en'' [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/afrofuturism Tate]. | ''en'' [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/afrofuturism Tate]. | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
− | | {{a| | + | | {{a|softwareart}} [[Software art|Software Art]] || {{sm|2002}} ''[[Readme]]''<br>{{sm|2002}} ''[http://artport.whitney.org/commissions/codedoc/ CODeDOC]''<br>{{sm|2003}} [http://90.146.8.18/en/archives/festival_archive/festival_overview.asp?iPresentationYearFrom=2003 ''Ars Electronica: Code''] || [http://monoskop.org/log/?p=8265 {{sm|2006}} Goriunova]<br>[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=31 {{sm|2008}} Mansoux & de Valk] || [[Aymeric Mansoux|Mansoux]] (FR-NL), [[I/O/D]], [[Mongrel]], [[Alex McLean|McLean]], [[Adrian Ward|Ward]], [[Simon Yuill|Yuill]] (UK), [[Golan Levin|Levin]], [http://potatoland.org/ Napier], [[Radical Software Group]] (US), [[0100101110101101.org]] (IT), [[Moddr]], [[Netochka Nezvanova]] (int) || software || [[#netart|net art]], [[#gameart|game art]] |
|- class="expand-child notop" | |- class="expand-child notop" | ||
| || colspan="6" | | | || colspan="6" | | ||
<gallery widths=300 heights=280> | <gallery widths=300 heights=280> | ||
− | + | I_O_D_1997_I_O_D_4_The_Web_Stalker.jpg|I/O/D (Matthew Fuller, Colin Green, Simon Pope), ''I/O/D 4: The Web Stalker'', 1997. Software. [http://bak.spc.org/iod/iod4.html Online]. | |
− | + | Jodi_1998-2000_Wrong_Browser.png|Jodi, ''Wrong Browser'', 1998-2000. Software. [http://wrongbrowser.jodi.org/ Online]. | |
− | + | Napier_Mark_1998_Shredder.jpg|Mark Napier, ''Shredder'', 1998. Software. [http://www.potatoland.org/shredder/ Online]. | |
+ | McLean_Alex_2001_Forkbomb_pl.jpg|Alex McLean, ''forkbomb.pl'', 2001. Software. [http://runme.org/project/+forkbomb/ Online]. | ||
+ | 0100101110101101.org Epidemic 2001 Biennale py.jpg|''Perpetual Self Dis/Infecting Machine'', custom made computer infected with ''Biennale.py'' by 0100101110101101.org and Epidemic, 2001. [http://0100101110101101.org/biennale-py/ Online]. | ||
+ | Ward_Adrian_2002_Auto-Illustrator.png|Adrian Ward, ''Auto-Illustrator'', 2002. Software. [http://web.archive.org/web/20070928211859/http://www.auto-illustrator.com/ Online]. | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
+ | ''en'' [[Software art|Monoskop]], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/software-art Tate]. | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
− | | {{a| | + | | {{a|gameart}} [[Game art|Game Art]] || {{sm|1998}} ''[http://synreal.netbase.org/ Synreal: The Unreal Modification]''<br>{{sm|2001}} ''[http://www.massmoca.org/event_details.php?id=55 Game Show]''<br>{{sm|2003}} ''[https://www.hmkv.de/_en/programm/programmpunkte/2003/Ausstellungen/2003_games.php Games: Computer Games by Artists]'' || [http://www.crudeoils.us/artwrite/August2002/Holmes.htm {{sm|2002}} Holmes] || [[Jodi]] (BE/NL), [[Mongrel]] (UK), [[Natalie Bookchin|Bookchin]] (US), [[Eastwood]] (SR), [[Ivor Diosi|Diosi]] (SK-CZ), [http://www.molleindustria.org Molleindustria] (IT), [http://julianoliver.com J Oliver] (NZ-DE), [http://ludic-society.net/ Jahrmann] (AT) || software, installation || |
|- class="expand-child notop" | |- class="expand-child notop" | ||
| || colspan="6" | | | || colspan="6" | | ||
<gallery widths=300 heights=280> | <gallery widths=300 heights=280> | ||
− | + | Jodi_1999_SOD.jpg|Jodi, ''SOD'', 1999. Macintosh/PC computer game. 12 screen shots. [http://sod.jodi.org/ Online]. | |
− | + | Bookchin_Natalie_1999_The_Intruder.jpg|Natalie Bookchin, ''The Intruder'', 1999. Web-based game. [http://bookchin.net/projects/the-intruder/ Artist]. | |
+ | Griffiths_Mansoux_de_Valk_2012_Naked_on_Pluto_website.png|Marloes de Valk, Aymeric Mansoux, Dave Griffiths, ''Naked on Pluto'', 2010-2015. [[Naked_on_Pluto|Online (archive)]] | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
Line 1,504: | Line 1,511: | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
''en'' [https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2088795 Grove]. | ''en'' [https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2088795 Grove]. | ||
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|- class="nobottom" | |- class="nobottom" | ||
| {{a|postinternet}} [[Post-internet art|Post-Internet Art]] || {{sm|2011}} ''[[Post-internet art#GroupedShow|Grouped Show]]''<br>{{sm|2011}} ''[[Post-internet art#GreaterCloud|The Greater Cloud]]''<br>{{sm|2014}} ''[[Post-internet art#ArtPostInternet|Art Post-Internet]]''<br>{{sm|2016}} ''[[Post-internet art#bb9|The Present in Drag]]'' || [http://www.albany.edu/faculty/dgoodwin/shared_resources/WordsWithoutPictures.pdf#page=284 {{sm|2008}} Olson]<br>[http://jstchillin.org/artie/vierkant.html {{sm|2010}} Vierkant]<br>{{sm|2011}} ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=3490 Pool'']<br>[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=2677 {{sm|2011}} McGugh]<br>[http://aaaaarg.fail/ref/ec73962a698b4f63d0e49007e0647c2b#0.01 {{sm|2014}} Kholeif] || [http://oliverlaric.com/ Laric] (AT-DE), [[Aleksandra Domanović|Domanović]] (SR-SL-AT-DE), [http://katjanovi.net/ Novitskova] (EE-NL), [http://jonrafman.com/ Rafman] (CA), [http://timursiqin.com/ Si-Qin] (DE), [http://www.coryarcangel.com/ Arcangel], [http://www.marisaolson.com/ Olson], [http://www.petracortright.com/ Cortright], [http://artievierkant.com Vierkant] (US) || sculpture, digital print, software, video || [[surf clubs]], [http://www.vvork.com/ VVORK], [http://dismagazine.com/ DIS], [http://new-aesthetic.tumblr.com/ new aesthetic] | | {{a|postinternet}} [[Post-internet art|Post-Internet Art]] || {{sm|2011}} ''[[Post-internet art#GroupedShow|Grouped Show]]''<br>{{sm|2011}} ''[[Post-internet art#GreaterCloud|The Greater Cloud]]''<br>{{sm|2014}} ''[[Post-internet art#ArtPostInternet|Art Post-Internet]]''<br>{{sm|2016}} ''[[Post-internet art#bb9|The Present in Drag]]'' || [http://www.albany.edu/faculty/dgoodwin/shared_resources/WordsWithoutPictures.pdf#page=284 {{sm|2008}} Olson]<br>[http://jstchillin.org/artie/vierkant.html {{sm|2010}} Vierkant]<br>{{sm|2011}} ''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=3490 Pool'']<br>[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=2677 {{sm|2011}} McGugh]<br>[http://aaaaarg.fail/ref/ec73962a698b4f63d0e49007e0647c2b#0.01 {{sm|2014}} Kholeif] || [http://oliverlaric.com/ Laric] (AT-DE), [[Aleksandra Domanović|Domanović]] (SR-SL-AT-DE), [http://katjanovi.net/ Novitskova] (EE-NL), [http://jonrafman.com/ Rafman] (CA), [http://timursiqin.com/ Si-Qin] (DE), [http://www.coryarcangel.com/ Arcangel], [http://www.marisaolson.com/ Olson], [http://www.petracortright.com/ Cortright], [http://artievierkant.com Vierkant] (US) || sculpture, digital print, software, video || [[surf clubs]], [http://www.vvork.com/ VVORK], [http://dismagazine.com/ DIS], [http://new-aesthetic.tumblr.com/ new aesthetic] | ||
Line 1,525: | Line 1,522: | ||
''INT'' [https://www.artsy.net/gene/post-internet-art Artsy].<br> | ''INT'' [https://www.artsy.net/gene/post-internet-art Artsy].<br> | ||
''en'' [[Post-internet|Monoskop]], {{wp|Postinternet}}. | ''en'' [[Post-internet|Monoskop]], {{wp|Postinternet}}. | ||
+ | |- class="nobottom" | ||
+ | | {{a|decolonial}} [[Decolonial Aesthetics]] || {{sm|2009-}} [[SAVVY Contemporary]]<br>{{sm|2012-2018}} [[Alanna Lockward|BE.BOP]] || [[Decolonial_aesthetics#manifesto|{{sm|2011}} manifesto]]<br>[https://socialtextjournal.org/periscope_topic/decolonial_aesthesis/ {{sm|2013}} Decolonial aestheSis] || [https://www.jeannetteehlers.dk/ Ehlers], [http://www.pedrolasch.com/ Lasch], [[Povinelli]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Wilson_(artist) Wilson] || installation, performance, sculpture, video, intervention || | ||
+ | |- class="expand-child notop" | ||
+ | | || colspan="6" | | ||
+ | <gallery widths=300 heights=280> | ||
+ | Wilson Fred 1992 Mining_the_Museum_pedestals.jpg|Fred Wilson, ''Mining the Museum: An Installation'' (detail), 1992. (Right) Pedestals described as Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Benjamin Banneker; (Middle) Globe (known as Truth Trophy) ca. 1913; (Left) Henry Clay, Napoleon Bonaparte, Andrew Jackson busts. ''See'' [[Media:Wilson_Fred_Halle_Howard_1993_Mining_the_Museum.pdf|Wilson & Halle 1993]], [[Media:Corrin Lisa 1993 Mining the Museum An Installation Confronting History.pdf|Corrin 1993]], [[Media:Mignolo_Walter_2011_Museums_in_the_Colonial_Horizon_of_Modernity_Fred_Wilsons_Mining_the_Museum_1992.pdf|Mignolo 2011]], [https://bmoreart.com/2017/05/how-mining-the-museum-changed-the-art-world.html Houston 2017]. | ||
+ | Lasch Pedro 2008 Black Mirror Espejo Negro.jpg|Pedro Lasch, ''[https://www.pedrolasch.com/blackmirror.html Black Mirror/Espejo Negro]'', 2007-. Installation. | ||
+ | Ehlers_Jeannette_2013_Whip_It_Good_photo_Casper_Maare.jpg|Jeannette Ehlers, ''[http://jeannetteehlers.dk/m4v/video21.htm Whip It Good]'', 2014. Performance. Photo: Casper Maare. First commissioned by Art Labour Archive ([[Alanna Lockward]]) and Ballhaus Naunynstrasse in Berlin, 2013. [https://finespind.dk/index.php/billedgallerier/834-kunstner-queen-jeannette-ehlers-interviewbilledeidstart1venstre Source]. [https://monoskop.org/images/9/91/BE.BOP_2014_Spiritual_Revolutions_and_The_Scramble_for_Africa.pdf] | ||
+ | </gallery> | ||
|} | |} | ||
===More=== | ===More=== | ||
− | ''This list extends the above | + | ''This list extends the table above to include terms that are not widely used. Some may be added later.''<ref>The list can be further extended to include more recent concepts created by artists to describe their practice: [http://www.taniabruguera.com/cms/703-0-.htm Arte de Conducta] ("Behavior art", Bruguera), [http://www.taniabruguera.com/cms/609-0-.htm Arte Útil] ("Useful art", "Art as a tool", Bruguera), [https://monoskop.org/log/?p=16823 Tools] (Superflex, 2003), [http://memoir.okno.be/?id=548 Connected Aesthetics] (mxhz.org, 2004), [http://criticalengineering.org/ Critical Engineering] (Oliver, Savičić, Vasiliev, 2011), etc.</ref> |
<div class="dpl" style="-moz-column-count:3; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3; font-size: .9em;"> | <div class="dpl" style="-moz-column-count:3; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3; font-size: .9em;"> | ||
* Abramtsevo Colony. ''en'' [http://books.google.no/books?id=i3Od9bcGus0C&pg=PA2 Grove DA], {{wp|Abramtsevo_Colony}}. | * Abramtsevo Colony. ''en'' [http://books.google.no/books?id=i3Od9bcGus0C&pg=PA2 Grove DA], {{wp|Abramtsevo_Colony}}. | ||
Line 1,566: | Line 1,572: | ||
* BMPT. ''FR'' [https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ABMPT Pompidou]. ''es'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA79 Akal]. | * BMPT. ''FR'' [https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ABMPT Pompidou]. ''es'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA79 Akal]. | ||
* La Boca. ''en'' [http://cvaa.com.ar/04ingles/02dossiers_en/la_boca_en/3_intro.php CVAA]. ''es'' [http://cvaa.com.ar/02dossiers/la_boca/3_intro.php CVAA]. | * La Boca. ''en'' [http://cvaa.com.ar/04ingles/02dossiers_en/la_boca_en/3_intro.php CVAA]. ''es'' [http://cvaa.com.ar/02dossiers/la_boca/3_intro.php CVAA]. | ||
+ | * Browser Art. ''en'' [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/b/browser-art Tate]. | ||
* Brücke (now part of [[#expressionism|Expressionism]]). ''FR'' [https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ADie%20Brücke Pompidou]. ''US'' [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/die-brucke/ Met]. ''INT'' [https://www.artsy.net/gene/die-brucke Artsy]. ''en'' [http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10953 Grove], [http://faculty.winthrop.edu/stockk/modernism/styles%20brucke006.pdf SSM], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/b/br%C3%BCcke Tate], {{wp|Die_Brücke}}. ''es'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA98 Akal]. ''no'' [http://snl.no/Br%C3%BCcke SNL]. | * Brücke (now part of [[#expressionism|Expressionism]]). ''FR'' [https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ADie%20Brücke Pompidou]. ''US'' [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/die-brucke/ Met]. ''INT'' [https://www.artsy.net/gene/die-brucke Artsy]. ''en'' [http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10953 Grove], [http://faculty.winthrop.edu/stockk/modernism/styles%20brucke006.pdf SSM], [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/b/br%C3%BCcke Tate], {{wp|Die_Brücke}}. ''es'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA98 Akal]. ''no'' [http://snl.no/Br%C3%BCcke SNL]. | ||
* Brutalism. ''INT'' [http://artsy.net/gene/brutalism Artsy]. ''en'' SSM2, [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/b/brutalism Tate]. | * Brutalism. ''INT'' [http://artsy.net/gene/brutalism Artsy]. ''en'' SSM2, [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/b/brutalism Tate]. | ||
Line 1,784: | Line 1,791: | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
− | == | + | ==This page in media== |
[http://www.openculture.com/2017/08/an-online-guide-to-350-international-art-styles-movements.html Open Culture], [http://www.novaplanet.com/novamag/80061/un-guide-en-ligne-passe-en-revue-350-mouvements-artistiques Radio Nova], [https://cameralabs.org/11673-bestsennyj-gid-po-350-stilyam-i-techeniyam-iskusstva Cameralabs]. | [http://www.openculture.com/2017/08/an-online-guide-to-350-international-art-styles-movements.html Open Culture], [http://www.novaplanet.com/novamag/80061/un-guide-en-ligne-passe-en-revue-350-mouvements-artistiques Radio Nova], [https://cameralabs.org/11673-bestsennyj-gid-po-350-stilyam-i-techeniyam-iskusstva Cameralabs]. | ||
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* [[Artists' cultures]] | * [[Artists' cultures]] | ||
− | |||
− | |||
{{Art}} | {{Art}} |
Latest revision as of 15:29, 25 August 2024
Visual art | ||
---|---|---|
Movements – 1990s – East Central Europe – Writers – Historians – Care – Museums – References. |
![](/images/thumb/a/a1/Gatys_et_al_2015_A_Neural_Algorithm_of_Artistic_Style_page_5.jpg/350px-Gatys_et_al_2015_A_Neural_Algorithm_of_Artistic_Style_page_5.jpg)
This page brings together art styles and movements from the 1860s to the present day. In addition to the isms of modern art, the list includes movements that are usually treated as secondary to the visual art canon, such as Lettrism, Situationism, Sound art, Expanded cinema, Neoism, or Software art, and does not leave out those best represented by works made by others than Western white males either.
Contents
Introduction[edit]
Art historians have debated the limits and biases of style analysis and classification for decades,[1] yet style remains "inseparable from working concepts of art and its history".[2] Its relevance is being reaffirmed in an unexpected way, as a database column in an ever-growing number of art collections. Major art museums have adopted it as an organising element of their online catalogues.[3]
Online databases are often presented as neutral resources, with no acknowledgment of editorial work, and instead derive their legitimacy from the reputation of the institution.[4] While they increasingly influence how we (and machines) see and learn about art, their protocols are rarely discussed. In contrast to the tradition of scholarly argumentation, the context in the database is given by the way its data are interconnected, where each item is defined by the set of its relations to other items. Rather than notions supporting an argument, styles and movements become vectors along which an online collection is designed to be viewed, queried, and referenced. This allows databases to position artworks as belonging to particular styles and movements simply by designating a relation.[5] Although art collection databases are heirs to the art historical tradition, they adapt art to the logic of the relational database - the logic of organising data into rows and columns of items that point to each other. The same can be said of other attributes of artworks, pre-formatted by the database as lists of authors, materials, years of production, and so on.
To further explore this strand of the datafication of art history, this page juxtaposes styles and movements as represented in the online collections of art museums. To achieve greater contrast, it adds definitions from dictionaries and glossaries in several languages, as well as selected writings by artists, critics and historians, and recent retrospective exhibitions that challenge the origin myths of this or that style or movement. As a result, the page brings together some 350 art styles and movements from the 1860s to the present day, as they have come to us through these four paths. In addition to the isms of modern art, the list includes movements that are usually treated as secondary to the visual art canon, such as Lettrism, Situationism, Sound art, Expanded cinema, Neoism, or Software art, and does not leave out those best represented by works made by others than Western white males either.[6]
Entries are structured in the following way:
- The term under which a given style, movement, ism or school came to be established. Preferably in its original language with an English equivalent and optionally frequent synonymous terms. Terms should not be understood as mutually exclusive: body art does not exclude performance art, performance art does not exclude conceptual art, process art does not exclude postminimalism. Where the link is active it leads to a Monoskop page with more detailed information including bibliographies; among the most extensive at the moment are Cubism, Constructivism, Conceptual art, Expanded cinema, Neoism and Sound art.
- Major events. Mostly exhibitions, but also group formations, conferences, etc. In most cases, titles are kept in their original languages (English equivalents are chosen for events better known as such today). Links point to event websites and online versions of catalogues.
- Major texts. These include manifestos, key essays, magazines, but also later art-historical analyses. Links point to their online versions, some in translation.
- Associated artists. Only those participating during the formative years of a given phenomenon are included (i.e. "first" and "second generations"). Many artist names are hyperlinked; as there is not more than one link per artist/group in an entry, the order of preference is as follows: (1) Monoskop wiki page, (2) official home page/estate, (3) major collection with online presence, (4) latest retrospective exhibition with online companion/catalogue. Country shortcuts following names indicate countries where artists were active during periods for which they are associated with a given phenomenon.
- Media. "Design" includes the broad area of decorative arts and crafts. If there were notable works created also in architecture, it is indicated, however architects, their works and architectural movements per se are not included in the table (history of 20th-century architecture is treated on a separate page).
- Key references.
- Works are selected to illustrate the diversity of forms, materials, subject matter, and techniques associated with a term. Size and materials are included and entry in an online catalogue of the collection a work is part of is linked where available. Please note that photo reproductions come from a multitude of collections and parameters under which they were produced vary greatly (no post-processing on our side was done).
- Collections. Only those with a database entry for a given term in their online catalogues are included.
- Dictionary and glossary entries from sources in multiple languages published in the last twenty years and at least partly freely available online. Bibliographic citations for the abbreviations are listed at the bottom.
An ism, style, movement or school is usually established through a number of players: artists, gallerists, collectors, critics and historians, as well as various institutional mechanisms, professional protocols and personal interests. Different phenomena can serve as triggers--aesthetic and/or sociopolitical visions or their (pejorative) criticism, financial speculation or its rejection--and it may be first recognised decades after its foundational works were made. These issues are documented and analysed in publications, some of which are listed in the column Key texts. Those writings, along with recent large-scale reexaminations informed the selection of formative works and artists for respective entries on this page.[7]
The page puts forward the kind of visual art the historian of modernism wishes to see. Regardless, it does not intend to list the most significant artworks nor the most significant artists of the past 150 years. Admitting a certain power of the concepts of style and movement even today, this page can be seen as an entry point and contextual resource for visual art which is not be based primarily on technique, subject matter, material or economic value of works nor on identity of their authors or owners.
First published on 23 May 2016.
Index[edit]
Although the default is linear chronology, this is only one way to view the list: the four columns can be sorted, and you can click on any image to switch to visual mode.
Term | Key events Selected works Collections Dictionaries * |
Key texts | Key artists | Media | Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Impressionism | 1874-86 eight group shows | 1874 Leroy | Monet, Renoir, Degas, Cézanne, Pissarro, Manet, Morisot, Sisley, Bazille (FR), Cassatt (US-FR), Caillebotte (FR), Whistler, Sickert, Steer (UK) | painting | ||
FR Orsay, Orangerie. UK Courtauld, NG London, Tate, Tate Br.I.. US Guggenheim, Met, Met US i., NGA, Philadelphia M, LACMA, MiA, Artic, Denver M. RU Hermitage. NL Gemeente. AR MNBA. INT Artsy, Artsy US i., Google AP. | ||||||
Arts and Crafts | 1884 Art Workers' Guild founded | 1887 Cobden-Sanderson 1893 Arts and Crafts Essays |
Morris, Rossetti, Brown, Burne-Jones, Ashbee, Voysey (UK) | design | Ruskin 1853 | |
UK V&A, Tate. US Met. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Aesthetic Movement, Aestheticism | 2011 The Cult of Beauty | 1882 Hamilton | Godwin, Whistler, Beardsley, A Moore, Jeckyll, Dresser (UK), Herter Brothers, Ott & Brewer of Trenton, Tiffany, La Forge (US) | painting, design, architecture | ||
UK V&A, Tate. US Met. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Neo-Impressionism, Divisionism, Pointillism | 1886 last Impressionist show | 1886 Fénéon | Seurat, Signac, Pissarro, Cross, Luce, Angrand, Dubois-Pillet, Petitjean (FR), Rysselberghe, Finch, Boch, Toorop, Lemmen (BE), Segantini, Previati (IT) | painting | post-impr., anarchism | |
FR Pompidou d. RU Hermitage. UK Tate. US Met, Met p. INT Artsy, Artsy p., Google AP. | ||||||
Symbolism | 1997 Symbolism in Britain 2007 Symbolism in Belgium 2012 Australian Symbolism 2015 Symbolism in Bohemian Lands |
1891 Aurier 1906-10 Zolotoe runo |
Moreau, Chavannes, Redon, Carrière (FR), Böcklin (CH-IT), Burne-Jones (UK), Gauguin (FR), Munch (NO-DE), Hodler (CH), Toorop (ID-NL-BE-UK), Khnopff, Ensor (BE), Picasso (ES), Klimt (AT), Vrubel, Borisov-Musatov (RU), Čiurlionis (LT-PL), Malczewski (PL), Rossetti, Watts (UK), Delville (BE), Klinger (DE-IT), Segantini (AT-IT-CH) | painting, sculpture | Baudelaire 1857, Moréas 1886, mythology | |
GR Costakis. US Met, MiA. AR MNBA. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Post-Impressionism | 1886-93 Les XX annual shows 1910 Manet and the Post-Impressionists 1912 Second Post-Impressionist Exhibition 1979 Post-Impressionism: Cross-Currents in European Painting |
1910 Fry | Cézanne, Van Gogh, Toulouse-Lautrec, Gauguin, Seurat, Les Nabis: Sérusier, Bonnard, Vuillard, Denis (FR), Prendergast (US-FR) | painting | ||
US Barnes, DIA, Met, Guggenheim, NGA, MiA, Artic. UK Courtauld, NG London, Tate. NL Van Gogh M Amsterdam. RU Hermitage. AR MNBA. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Synthetism | 1889 Volpini Exhibition | Gauguin, Schuffenecker, Bernard, Laval, Sérusier (FR) | painting | Japanese woodcuts, Cloisonnism | ||
INT Google AP. | ||||||
Secession, Sezessionstil | 1893 Internationale Kunst-Ausstellung des Vereins bildender Künstler Münchens "Secession" 1898 I. Kunst-Ausstellung der Vereinigung bildender Künstler Österreichs 1899 Deutsche Kunstausstellung der Berliner Secession 1902 Beethovenausstellung + |
1898-1903 Ver Sacrum | Stuck, Uhde, Dill, Habermann (DE), Klimt, Hoffmann, Moser, Moll, Kurzweil (AT), Liebermann, Corinth, Leistikow, Slevogt, Beckmann, Barlach (DE) | painting, sculpture, mural, printmaking, craft, design, architecture | impr., art nouveau | |
FR Pompidou. US Frye M, Met v.s. UK V&A. INT Artsy v.s., Google AP V.S. | ||||||
Art Nouveau, Jugendstil, Sezessionstil, Style nouille, Modern Style, Glasgow Style, Modernista, Stile Liberty, Stil' modern |
1895 L'Art Nouveau gallery opens 1900 Exposition universelle 1901 Glasgow International Exhibition 1902 Esposizione internazionale d'arte decorativa moderna |
1889-1914 Le Plume 1893-1964 The Studio 1896-1940 Jugend 1899-1904 Mir iskusstva |
Horta, Hankar (BE), Van de Velde (BE-DE), Galle, Feure, Colonna, Gaillard (FR), Mucha (CZ-FR), Fouquet, Bracquemond, Lalique, Chéret, Toulouse-Lautrec (FR), Eckmann, Behrens, Endell, Obrist, Paul, Riemerschmid (DE), Sezession artists and designers (AT-DE), Mackintosh, Macnair, M & F Macdonald, Beardsley (UK), Schechtel (RU), Bugatti (IT), Tiffany (US) | design, architecture, painting, sculpture | botany, nature, Arts and Crafts, Japonisme, Violett-le-Duc | |
FR LAD Paris jewelry, LAD Paris glass, Pompidou. UK V&A, Tate (G.s.). RU Hermitage. NL Gemeente. US Met, MiA. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Photo-Secession | 1902 American Pictorial Photography 1905 The Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession opens (renamed 291 in 1908) |
1903-17 Camera Work 1903 Stieglitz 1960 Doty |
Stieglitz (US), Steichen (LX-US), White, Käsebier (US), Coburn (US-UK), Eugene (US) | photography | pictorialism, secession | |
US Met. | ||||||
Fauvism | 1905 Salon d'Automne 1906 Salon d'Automne |
1905 Vauxcelles 1908 Matisse |
Matisse, Camoin, Manguin, Marquet, Derain, de Vlaminck, Braque, Dufy, Friesz (FR), van Dongen (NL-FR), Puy, Valtat, Rouault (FR), Kupka (CZ-FR) (FR) | painting | post-impr. | |
FR Pompidou. US Met, MiA. RU Hermitage. UK Tate. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Expressionism | 1905 Brücke founded 1911 Blaue Reiter founded 2015 Storm Women |
1906 Brücke Manifesto 1908 Worringer 1912 Blaue Reiter Almanac 1910-32 Der Sturm 1918 November Group Manifesto |
Kirchner, Heckel, Marc (DE), Kandinsky, Jawlensky (RU-DE), Schiele, Kokoschka (AT), Nolde, Rohlfs, Schmidt-Rottluff, Pechstein, Macke, Feininger, Dix, Beckmann, Barlach, Kollwitz (DE), Permeke (BE), Váchal (CZ); groups: Brücke, Blaue Reiter, Rheinische Expressionisten, Pathetiker, Novembergruppe, Gruppe 1919 (DE), Latemse School (BE), Osma (CZ) | painting, printmaking (esp. woodcut), sculpture, architecture | Van Gogh, Munch, Klimt, "primitivism", art of children | |
DE Schleswig-Holstein museums, Ziegler, Ketterer. FR Pompidou, Pompidou B.. AT Leopold M Vienna. US MoMA, Met, Met B., LACMA, MiA. RU Hermitage. NL Gemeente. UK Tate. AR MNBA. INT Artsy, Artsy g.e., Artsy B., Google AP. | ||||||
Cubism | 1907 Kahnweiler Gallery opens 1911 Salle 41 at Salon des Indépendants 1912 Salon de la Section d'or 1913 Armory Show 1936 Cubism and Abstract Art |
1908 Vauxcelles 1912 Gleizes & Metzinger 1920 Kahnweiler 1939/1951 Barr 1972 Steinberg |
Picasso (ES-FR), Braque (FR), Gris (ES-FR), Léger, Metzinger, R Delaunay, Gleizes, Archipenko (UA-FR), Duchamp, Duchamp-Villon (FR), Le Fauconnier, Lipchitz (LT-FR), Laurens (FR), Picabia (FR), Zadkine (RU-FR), Csaky (HU-FR), Kupka (CZ-FR), Marcoussis, La Fresnaye, Chagall, Lhôte (FR), Rivera (MX), Filla, Beneš (CZ) | painting, sculpture, drawing, collage, construction, assemblage, architecture | Cézanne, "primitivism" | |
FR Pompidou. US Lauder/Met +, Guggenheim, MiA. RU Hermitage. UK Tate. CZ Czech Cubism M Prague. AR MNBA. INT Artsy, Google AP, (more). | ||||||
Futurism | 1910 first series of serate evenings 1912 Les peintres futuristes italiens 1961 Futurism MoMA 1986 Futurism & Futurisms Venice 2009 Futurism Tate 2014 Italian Futurism, 1909-1944 Guggenheim |
1909 Marinetti 1910 Boccioni et al 1911 Bragaglia 1912 Boccioni 1913 Russolo |
Marinetti, Boccioni, Balla, Carrà, Severini, Russolo, Bragaglia, Prampolini (IT) | painting, sculpture, photography, printmaking, film, architecture | symbolism, neo-impr., cubism | |
IT Mattioli/Guggenheim. FR Pompidou. US Guggenheim, Met, MiA. UK Tate. GR Costakis books. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Cubo-Expressionism | 1912 Group of Plastic Artists | 1967 Lamač | Kubišta, Čapek, Gutfreund, Filla, Kubín, Beneš, Procházka, Zrzavý, Group of Plastic Artists (CZ) | painting, sculpture, architecture, film | expr., cubism | |
| ||||||
Orphism, Simultanism, Orphic Cubism |
1913 Salon des Indépendants | 1913 Apollinaire | R Delaunay, S Delaunay (FR), Kupka (CZ-FR), Exter (UA-FR) | painting | cubism, light, abstraction | |
FR Pompidou. US Guggenheim, MiA. UK Tate. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Blaue Reiter | 1911 group founded 1911 Die erste Ausstellung der Redaktion Der Blaue Reiter 1912 Die zweite Ausstellung der Redaktion Der Blaue Reiter Schwarz-Weiß |
1911 Kandinsky 1912 Blaue Reiter Almanac |
Kandinsky (RU-DE), Marc, Münter (DE), Kubin (AT), Klee (CH-DE), Macke (DE), Jawlensky, Werefkin (RU-DE) | painting, printmaking | expr., futurism, fauvism, cubism, "primitivism", child art | |
DE Lenbachhaus Munich. FR +. US Met. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Neo-Primitivism | 1912 Oslinyi khvost 1913 Mishen' |
1913 Shevchenko | Larionov, Goncharova, Malevich, Shevchenko, Chagall, D Burliuk, Filonov, Donkey's Tail group (RU) | painting | lubok, icons, peasant art & craft | |
| ||||||
Cubo-Futurism | 1913 Victory Over the Sun 1915 Tramway V 1915 0.10 |
1912 A Slap in the Face of Public Taste 1914 Bogomazov |
D Burliuk, Larionov, Goncharova, Malevich, Rozanova (RU), Exter (UA-FR), Lentulov (RU-FR), Tatlin, Popova, Kliun (RU), Bogomazov (UA), Hylaea group (RU) | painting | cubism, futurism | |
GR Costakis. FR Pompidou. | ||||||
Rayonism, Rayism, Luchism | 1913 Mishen' | 1913 Larionov | Larionov, Goncharova (RU) | painting | futurism | |
FR Pompidou. INT Google AP. | ||||||
Vorticism | 1914 Rebel Art Centre 1915 Vorticist Group 1917Exhibition of the Vorticists at the Penguin 2010 Vorticists: Rebel Artists in London and New York, 1914-1918 + + |
1914 Lewis et al 1914-5 Blast 1914 Pound |
W Lewis (UK), Gaudier-Brzeska (FR-UK), Jacob Epstein (US-UK), Wadsworth, Bomberg (UK), Coburn (US-UK), W Roberts, Saunders, Dismorr, Etchells (UK) | painting, sculpture, printmaking, drawing | futurism, cubism, machine | |
UK Tate, V&A. FR Pompidou. | ||||||
Suprematism | 1915 0.10 1919 X Gosudarstvennaya vystavka 1922 Erste russische Kunstausstellung 1927 Grosse Berliner Kunstausstellung |
1915 Malevich 1927 Malevich |
Malevich (RU-BY), Kliun, Rozanova, Menkov, Udaltsova, Puni (RU), Lissitzky, Suetin (RU-BY), Chashnik, Khidekel (BY-RU), groups: Supremus (RU), Unovis (RU-BY) | painting, sculpture, design, craft, architecture | zaum, fourth dimension | |
GR Costakis. FR Pompidou. US Guggenheim, MiA. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Activists, Hungarian Activists |
1914 group founded 1916-17 Fiatalok shows 1973 Magyar Aktivizmus 2016 A magyar aktivizmus, 1914-1927 |
1915-16 A Tett 1916-26 Ma 1971 Szabó |
Kassák, Uitz, Bortnyik, Tihanyi, Mattis-Teutsch, Nemes-Lampérth, Kmetty (HU), Dobrović (SR-HU) | painting, printmaking | expr., cubism, constr. | |
en Oxford DMCA. es Akal. cr Šuvaković. hu Artportal, Wikipedia-HU. | ||||||
Dada | 1916 Cabaret Voltaire events 1920 Erste Internationale Dada-Messe 1921 Salon Dada 1953 Dada 1916-1923 2005 Dada + |
1916 Cabaret Voltaire (ed. Ball) 1917 The Blindman (ed. Duchamp) 1917-21 Dada (ed. Tzara) 1917-24 391 (ed. Picabia) 1922-23 Mécano (ed. Doesburg) 1923-32 Schwitters' Merz |
Ball (DE-CH), Tzara (RO-CH-FR), Richter (DE-CH), Janco (RO-CH), Arp (DE-CH), Taeuber (CH), Picabia (FR), Duchamp (FR-US), Schwitters (DE), Höch, Hausmann, Heartfield, Grosz, Ernst (DE), Ray (US-FR), Doesburg (NL), Freytag-Loringhoven (DE-US) | performance, collage, photography, photomontage, printmaking, painting, film | ||
DE Berlinische. FR Pompidou. US Guggenheim, Met, MiA. UK Tate. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Metaphysical Art, Pittura Metafisica | 1921 Valori plastici | 1913 Apollinaire 1918-22 Valori plastici 1919 Carrà |
de Chirico (IT-FR), Carrà, Morandi, Sironi, Casorati, de Pisis (IT) | painting | Nietzsche, symbolism, Giotto | |
FR Pompidou. UK Tate. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
De Stijl, Neo-Plasticism |
1923 Les Architectes du groupe De Stijl 2010 Mondrian/De Stijl |
1917-32 De Stijl 1917 Mondrian 1918 van Doesburg et al 1925 Mondrian 1925 van Doesburg |
van Doesburg (NL), Mondrian (NL-FR), Huszár (HU-NL), van der Leck (NL) | painting, sculpture, printmaking, architecture, design | cubism, abstraction | |
NL Gemeente. FR Pompidou D.S., + N.. US Met, MiA. UK Tate, V&A. INT Artsy, Artsy n.p., Google AP. | ||||||
Formism | 1917 I wystawa Ekspresjonistów Polskich 1919 I wystawa Formistów Polskich |
1918 Chwistek 1919 Witkacy 1919-21 Formiści |
Czyżewski, Chwistek, Witkiewicz, A Pronaszko, Z Pronaszko (PL) | painting | expr., cubism, futurism | |
Purism | 1918 Ozenfant et Jeanneret 1921 Ozenfant et Jeanneret peintres puristes |
1918 Jeanneret & Ozenfant 1920-5 L'Esprit nouveau 1921 Ozenfant & Jeanneret 1925 Ozenfant & Jeanneret 1928 Ozenfant |
Jeanneret (CH-FR), Ozenfant, Léger (FR) | painting, architecture | cubism, machine | |
FR Pompidou. UK Tate. US Guggenheim, Met, MiA. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Agitprop | 1918 ROSTA established 1920 Agit-prop Dept established |
1918 Lenin's call for monumental propaganda | Cheremnykh, Mayakovsky, Moor, Rodchenko (RU), Exter (UA-FR), Popova, Rozanova, Tatlin (RU), Klutsis (LV-RU) | design, printmaking, sculpture | ||
en Grove DA, Oxford DMCA, Tate, Wikipedia. | ||||||
Bauhaus | 1919 Bauhaus founded 1923 Staatliches Bauhaus Weimar, 1919-1923 1938 Bauhaus 1919–1928 |
1919 Gropius 1923 Gropius 1925-29 Bauhausbücher |
Gropius, Itten, Feininger, Schlemmer (DE), Klee (CH-DE), Kandinsky (RU-DE), Moholy-Nagy (HU-AT-DE), Bayer, Breuer, Albers (DE) | painting, sculpture, mural, printmaking, photography, design, textiles, architecture | expr., constr., functionalism | |
DE Bauhaus-Archiv. US Guggenheim, Met, MiA. FR Pompidou. UK Tate, V&A. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Constructivism | 1921 INKhUK debate 1921 Vtoraya vesennyaya vystavka Obmokhu 1922 Düsseldorf congress 1922 Weimar congress 1922 First Russian Art Exhibition more |
1920 Gabo 1922 Rodchenko, Stepanova, et al. 1922 Gan |
Tatlin, Gabo, Rodchenko, Popova (RU), Stepanova (LT-RU), Stenberg bros, Medunetsky (RU), Ioganson, Klutsis (LV-RU), Vesnin brothers (RU), Kobro (RU-PL), Strzemiński (PL-RU), Szczuka (PL), Kassák (HU), more | spatial construction, set design, graphic design | ||
GR Costakis. US Guggenheim. FR Pompidou. UK Tate, Tate UK c. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Zenitism | 1924 Première exposition internationale d'art nouveau | 1921-26 Zenit 1921 Micić 1921 Goll 1921 Micić, Goll, Tokin |
Petrov (SR), Klek/Seissel, Gecan (CR) | painting, printmaking | expr., constr., futurism, dada | |
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Muralismo, Mexican Muralism, Indigenismo |
1921 Vasconcelos's mural program launched | 1921 Siqueiros 1924 Siqueiros et al |
Orozco, Rivera, Siqueiros, Tamayo (MX), Mérida (GT-MX), Leal, Revueltas, Montenegro, O'Gorman (MX), Charlot (FR-MX), Castellanos (MX), Sabogal (PE), Guzmán de Rojas (BO), Egas, Guayasamín (EC), Acuña Tapias (CO) | mural painting | Italian Renaissance, 1900s-20s avant-garde art, neoclassicism, Marx & Lenin | |
US WPA. INT Schalkwijk Archive, Artsy. | ||||||
Modernismo Brasileiro | 1922 Semana de Arte Moderna | 1922-23 Klaxon | Malfatti, Di Cavalcanti, Monteiro, Tarsila (BR), Brecheret (IT-BR), Segall (LT-DE-BR), Graz, Gomide, Nery, Dias (BR), Goeldi (BR-CH), Guignard (BR-DE) | painting, drawing, sculpture | cubism, futurism, surrealism | |
en Tate. pt Wikipedia-PT. | ||||||
Stridentism, Estridentismo | 1924 first Stridentist exhibition | 1921 Maples Arce 1923 Maples Arce 1924 Irradiador 1926 List Arzubide |
Revueltas, Alva de la Canal, Méndez, Cueto (MX) | performance, printmaking, sculpture, painting | futurism, ultraism, modernisation, technology | |
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Harlem Renaissance, New Negro Movement | 1928-33 Exhibit of Fine Arts Productions of American Negro Artists series | 1925 Locke, PDF 1926 Fire!! 1940 Locke 1943 Porter |
Fuller, Douglas, Motley, Hayden, MG Johnson, LM Jones, Bearden, J Lawrence, NW Lewis, Catlett, Parks (US) | painting, sculpture, mural, printmaking | ||
US Smithsonian, SLAM, Met, Artic, Schomburg/NYPL. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Unism | 1927 Strzemiński's first solo show | 1924 Strzemiński 1928 Strzemiński 1931 Strzemiński & Kobro |
Strzemiński (PL-RU), Kobro (RU-PL), Stażewski (PL) | painting, sculpture, architecture, design | suprematism, De Stijl | |
pl Wikipedia-PL. | ||||||
Neues Sehen New Vision |
1929 Film und Foto 1931 Fotomontage |
1925 Moholy-Nagy 1929 Roh 1929 Moholy-Nagy |
Moholy-Nagy (HU-DE), Lissitzky (RU-DE), Rodchenko (RU), Bayer (AT-DE), Peterhans (DE), Citroen (DE-NL), Umbo, Renger-Patzsch, Biermann (DE), Man Ray (US-FR), Moholy (CZ-DE), Henri (US-DE-FR), Krull (DE-FR), Funke, Rössler (CZ), Finsler (CH-DE), Stone (RU-DE), Consemüller (DE) | photography, photogram, photomontage | Bauhaus | |
DE Folkwang. US Thomas Walther/MoMA. FR Pompidou. | ||||||
Neue Sachlichkeit, New Objectivity | 1925 Die neue Sachlichkeit 2015 New Objectivity, 1919-1933 |
1922 Das Kunstblatt 9 1925 Hartlaub 1925 Roh |
verists: Dix, Grosz, Beckmann, Schad, Schlichter, Hubbuch, Scholz; classicists: Kanoldt, Schrimpf, Mense, Davringhausen, Schnarrenberger, Viegener; photography: Renger-Patzsch, Sander (DE) | painting, photography | pittura metafisica | |
DE Lenbachhaus Munich. UK Tate. FR Pompidou. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Surrealism | 1925 La Peinture surréaliste 1936 Exposition surréaliste d'objects 1936 International Surrealist Exhibition 1936 Fantastic Art, Dada, Surrealism 1938 Exposition internationale du surréalisme 1972 Surrealism 1922–1942 |
1924 Breton 1925-27 Breton 1929 Breton 1930 Bataille et al 1985 Krauss |
Ernst, Arp (DE-FR), Man Ray (US-FR), Masson (FR), Miró (ES), Tanguy (FR), Magritte, Mesens (BE), Giacometti (CH-FR), Sima (CZ-FR), Dalí (ES), Penrose (UK-FR), Toyen, Štyrský (CZ-FR), Brauner (RO-FR), Koga (JP), Ubac (BE-FR), Oppenheim (DE-CH), Domínguez (ES), Paalen (AT-MX), Delvaux (BE), Tanning (US), Matta (CL), Fini (AR), Lam (CU-FR) | painting, sculpture, drawing, collage, relief, film | automatism, Freud's psychoan., dada | |
FR Pompidou. UK Tate, NGS, V&A. US Guggenheim, Met, MiA. AR MNBA. AU NGA. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Art Deco | 1925 Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels | 1912 Vera | Poiret, Süe, Mare, Dunand, Follot, Legrain, Puiforcat, Ruhlmann (FR), studios: Atelier Martine, Atelier Français, Compagnie des arts français (FR) | furniture, pottery, textiles, jewellery, glass | art nouveau | |
FR LAD Paris + +, Pompidou. UK V&A. NL Gemeente. US Met, MiA. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Artificialism | 1926 Štyrský & Toyen's first solo show | 1927 Štyrský & Toyen | Štyrský, Toyen | painting, drawing, collage | surrealism, poetry | |
cz ArtsLexikon. cr Šuvaković. | ||||||
Socialist Realism | 1928 10-letiye Krasnoy Armii 1935 Pervaya vystavka leningradskikh khudozhnikov |
1933 Beskin 1934 Zhdanov 1936 Zhdanov |
Deineka, Brodsky, Gerasimov, B Ioganson, Samokhvalov, Plastov, Nissky, Pimenov, Laktionov (RU), Khmelko (UA), associations: AKhRR, Society of Easel Painters/OSt (RU) | painting, sculpture, mural, architecture | Peredvizhniki, agitprop | |
RU IRRI. UK Art Russe, Tate. US MORA. FR Pompidou. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Precisionism | 1960 The Precisionist View in American Art | 1927 Barr 1943-5 Brown |
Sheeler, O'Keeffe, Demuth, Ault, Driggs, Dickinson, Hirsch, Lozowick, Spencer, Stella (US) | painting, drawing, printmaking | cubism, dada, realism, modernisation, machine | |
US Met, MiA. FR Pompidou. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Abstraction-Création | 1931 association founded | 1932-36 Abstraction-création | Herbin, Hélion (FR), Vantongerloo (BE-FR), Arp (DE-FR), Gabo (RU-UK), Kandinsky (RU-DE), Mondrian (NL), Hepworth, Nicholson (UK) | painting, sculpture | cubism, De Stijl, constr. | |
FR Pompidou. UK Tate. INT Artsy. | ||||||
American Documentary Photography | 1935 Farm Security Administration launched 1938 MoMA show of Evans |
Evans, Lange, Rothstein, Vachon, R Lee, Wolcott (US) | photography | |||
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Nuevo Realismo, New Realism |
1936 Berni | Berni, Castagnino, Urruchúa, Policastro, Alonso (AR) | painting, mural | |||
AR MNBA. | ||||||
Concrete Art | 1944 Konkrete Kunst 1946 1ª Exposición de la Asociación Arte Concreto Invención 1951 Arte Astratta e Concreta in Italia 1952 Ruptura 1960 Concrete Art: Fifty Years of Development |
1930 van Doesburg et al 1944-45 Abstrakt Konkret 1946 Inventionist Manifesto + 1946 Madí Manifesto 1952 Ruptura Manifesto 1957 Gerstner |
Bill (CH), van Doesburg (NL), Vasarely (HU-FR), Morellet (FR), Albers (DE-US), Graeser, Lohse (CH), Espinosa, Maldonado (AR), Arden Quin (UY-AR-FR), Kosice (SK-AR), Bloc (FR), Soldati, Munari (IT), Cordeiro (BR); groups: Concrete-Invention Art Association, Madí (AR), Movimento arte concreta (IT), Espace (FR), Ruptura (BR) | painting, sculpture | constr., abstraction | |
FR Pompidou, + M. US Met. UK Tate. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Black Mountain College | 1944 first summer arts program 2015 Leap Before You Look: Black Mountain College 1933-1957 |
Josef Albers, Anni Albers, Schawinsky, Feininger, Gropius (DE-US), Cage, Cunningham, de Kooning, Motherwell, Kline; students: Chamberlain, Ray Johnson, Noland, Rauschenberg, Twombly, Vanderbeek (US) | painting, performance, printmaking, drawing, weaving, textile, photography, design, architecture | Bauhaus | ||
INT Artsy. | ||||||
Lettrism | 1946 Première manifestation lettriste | 1946 La Dictature lettriste 1950 Isou 1950-53 Ur 1952 Ion |
Isou (RO-FR), Pomerand, Roberdhay, Dufrêne, Lemaître, Wolman, Brau (FR) | printmaking, film, painting, collage | dada, surrealism, everyday life | |
FR Pompidou. INT UbuWeb. | ||||||
Abstract Expressionism, New York School |
1947 Possibilities 1948 de Kooning at MoMA |
1946 Coates 1947 Possibilities 1952 Rosenberg 1970 Sandler 1994 Clark |
action painting: Pollock, de Kooning, Gorky, Kline (US), early colour field painting: Rothko, Newman, Still (US), other: Motherwell, Gottlieb, Guston, Frankenthaler (US) | painting | surrealism, automatism, expr., colour field | |
US Guggenheim, Met, Met a.p., NGA, MiA. UK Tate. FR Pompidou, + a.p.. INT Artsy, Artsy a.p., Artsy NY, Google AP. | ||||||
Lyrical Abstraction, Abstraction Lyrique | 1947 L'Imaginaire | 1947 Mathieu | da Silva, de Staël, Soulages, Wou Ki (FR) | painting | art informel, abstract expr. | |
FR Pompidou. US Met. | ||||||
Spatialism, Spazialismo |
1950 Arte spaziale | 1946 Fontana et al 1947 Fontana et al |
Fontana (AR-IT), Crippa, Joppolo, Dova, Dangelo, Peverelli, Carozzi (IT) | painting, installation | ||
FR Pompidou. UK Tate. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Art Brut, Outsider Art |
1948 Compagnie de l'Art Brut formed 1949 L'art brut préféré aux arts culturels |
1949 Dubuffet | Aloïse (Corbaz) (CH), Forestier (FR), Gill (UK), Lesage (FR), Wölfli (CH), Maisonneuve, Parguey, Salingardes, Tripier (FR) | painting, drawing, sculpture, carving, manuscript, embroidery | Prinzhorn 1922 | |
CH Art Brut Lausanne. FR ABCD Paris, LAM Lille, Pompidou. DE Prinzhorn Heidelberg. JP NO-MA. US Guggenheim, Met. UK Musgrave Kinley London, Tate, Tate o.a. INT Artsy, Artsy o.a. | ||||||
CoBrA | 1948 group founded 1949 Bregnerød congress 1949 International Experimental Art |
1948 Dotremont et al | Jorn (DK), Constant, Appel (NL), Dotremont, Alechinsky (BE), Jacobsen, Pedersen, Heerup (DK), Nieuwenhuys, Corneille (NL), Atlan (DZ-FR), Gilbert (UK-FR), Götz (DE) | painting, mural, sculpture | expr., surrealism, informel, Marxism | |
NL Cobra Museum. DK Kunsten Aalborg, Birch. FR Pompidou. UK Tate. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Perceptismo | 1949 First Exhibition of Perceptista Painting | 1950-53 Perceptismo | R Lozza, RD Lozza (AR) | painting | concrete art | |
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Art Informel, Art Autre, Tachisme |
1951 Véhémences confrontées 1952 Un art autre |
1950 Tapié 1951 Guéguen 1951 Estienne 1952 Tapié 1962 Paulhan |
Dubuffet, Wols, Fautrier, Mathieu, Matta, Michaux, Poliakoff, Soulages, de Staël, Hartung (FR) | painting | abstract expr., automatism, existentialism, Kandinsky, Klee | |
FR Pompidou i., Pompidou t. US Guggenheim, Met. UK Tate. AR MNBA. INT Artsy, Google AP t. | ||||||
Independent Group | 1951 Growth and Form 1953 Parallel of Art and Life 1955 Man, Machine, and Motion 1956 This is Tomorrow |
Hamilton, Henderson, McHale, Paolozzi, Turnbull (UK) | collage, sculpture, painting | cinema, science fiction, advertising, pop music, pop art | ||
Jikken Kobo, Experimental Workshop |
1951 collective founded 1953 5th Exhibition and Presentation 2009 Experimental Workshop: Japan 1950–1958 |
1953-54 Asahi Picture News | Yamaguchi, Kitadai, Fukushima, Akiyama, Komai, Ōtsuji, composers: Takemitsu, Yuasa, Suzuki, Satō (JP) | performance, environment, printmaking, film, photography | ||
en Monoskop, Tate. jp Wikipedia-JA. | ||||||
Gutai, Gutai Bijutsu Kyokai |
1954 group founded 1955 1st Gutai Art Exhibition 1958 Gutai Group Exhibition NY 1960 International Sky Festival |
1955-65 Gutai 1956 Yoshihara |
Yoshihara, Shimamoto, Kanayama, Motonaga, Murakami, Shiraga, Sumi, Tanaka (JP) | painting, performance, installation, environment, printmaking, film | informel, abstract expr. | |
JP Osaka City Museum of Modern Art. FR Pompidou. UK Tate. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Fantastic Realism, Phantastischer Realismus | 1959 Belvedere exhibition 1990 Die Phantasten 2008 Fantastic Realism 2016 Pražský fantastický realismus 1960–1967 |
1974 Muschik | Fuchs, Brauer, Hausner, Hutter, Lehmden (AT), Dado (ME-SR-FR), Jedlička, Rachlík, Kotyza (CZ) | painting | surrealism | |
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Kinetic Art, Kineticism | 1955 Mouvement 1961 Rörelse i konsten 1964-66 Signals Gallery 1966 9 Evenings |
1955 Vasarely 1964-66 Signals |
Tinguely (CH), Bury (BE-FR), Soto (VE-FR), Agam (IL-FR), Takis (GR-FR), Medalla (PH-UK), GRAV (FR), Dvizheniye (RU) | sculpture | Gabo 1919-20, Duchamp 1924, Calder 1932ff | |
FR Pompidou. UK Tate. US Guggenheim. INT Artsy k.s., Google AP. | ||||||
Hard-Edge Painting | 1959 Four Abstract Classicists 1966 Systemic Painting |
1959 Langster | Kelly, Newman, Noland, Reinhardt, Stella, Williams, Gilliam (US) | painting | ||
US Guggenheim. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Neo-Dada | 1958 Johns' show at Castelli | 1957 Rosenblum 1962 Rose |
Johns, Rauschenberg, Rivers, Kaprow, Dine, Oldenburg (US), Neo-Dada Organizers (JP) | collage, assemblage | dada, nouveau réalisme, pop art | |
US Guggenheim. UK Tate. FR Pompidou. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Cybernetic Sculpture, Robotic Art |
1968 Cybernetic Serendipity | 1997 Kac | Schöffer (HU-FR), Paik (KO-US), Bonačić (CR), Ihnatowicz (PL-UK), Pask (UK), Dvizheniye (RU) | sculpture | cybernetics | |
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Pop Art | 1956 This is Tomorrow 1962 Green Gallery show 1962 The New Realists 1962 The Factory opens 1963 Six Painters and the Object 2010 Seductive Subversion: Women Pop Artists, 1958–1968 2015 International Pop 2015 World Goes Pop |
1957 Hamilton 1958 Alloway 1962 Alloway |
Hamilton, Paolozzi, Blake, R Smith, Tilson, A Jones, Caulfield (UK), Warhol, Lichtenstein, Rivers, Rauschenberg, Johns, Rosenquist, Oldenburg, Wesselmann (US), Dichgans, Klapheck, Roehr (DE), group: Scuola di Piazza del Popolo (IT), Shinohara (JP), Želibská (CZ-SK), Otašević (SR), Zieliński, Pinińska-Bereś (PL) | printmaking, painting, collage, sculpture | advertising, popular culture, mass media, machine-line production | |
US Guggenheim, Met, MiA. UK Tate b.p., V&A. FR Pompidou. AR MNBA. INT Ludwig, Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Zero | 1957 First Evening Exhibition 1958 The Red Picture 1959 Motion in Vision–Vision in Motion 1960 The New Conception 1961 ZERO. Edition, Exposition, Demonstration 1962 Nul 62 2014 ZERO: Countdown to Tomorrow |
1958-61 Zero 1964 Piene |
Piene, Mack, Uecker (DE), Klein (FR), Tinguely (CH), Fontana (AR-IT), Manzoni (IT), Bury (BE-FR), Soto (VE-FR), Spoerri (RO-CH), Nul group (NL) | painting, sculpture, drawing, environment, performance | kinetic art | |
FR Pompidou. UK Tate. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Situationists | 1957 Situationiste Internationale founded 1989 On the Passage of a Few People Through a Brief Moment in Time |
1958-69 Internationale situationniste 1967 Debord |
Debord, Constant, Viénet (FR), Jorn (DK), Gruppe SPUR (DE) | printmaking, painting, architecture | lettrism, Marxism, consumerism | |
FR Pompidou. UK Tate. | ||||||
Zaria Art Society, Zaria Rebels | 1958 group formed | 1959-60 Okeke 1995 Onobrakpeya |
U Okeke, Nwoko, Onobrakpeya, Grillo, S Okeke, Osadebe, Odita, Nwagbara (NG) | painting, sculpture | ||
en Tate. | ||||||
Neoconcretism | 1959 First Neo-Concrete Art Exhibition | 1959 Manifesto Neoconcreto 1959 Gullar |
Clark, Oiticica, de Camargo, de Castro, Pape, Weissmann (BR) | sculpture | concrete art | |
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Happening | 1959 Kaprow's 18 Happenings in 6 Parts 1998 Out of Actions: Between Performance and the Object, 1949-1979 2012 Happenings: New York, 1958–1963 |
1958 Kaprow 1965 Kirby 1966 Sontag |
Kaprow, Oldenburg, Dine, Whitman (US), Forti (IT-US), Lebel (FR), Vostell (DE), Viennese Actionists (AT), Fahlström (SW), Kudo (JP-FR), Schneemann (US), Pommereulle (FR), Knížák (CZ), Kusama (JP-US), Kantor (PL) | performance | action painting, Cage | |
US Guggenheim. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Nouveau Réalisme | 1960 Les Nouveaux Réalistes 1961 First Festival of New Realism 1961 The Art of Assemblage 1963 Second Festival of New Realism 2010 New Realisms |
1960 Restany 1961 Restany 1963 Restany 2013 Cabañas |
Arman, César, Dufrêne, Hains, Klein, Raysse (FR), Spoerri (RO-CH), Tinguely (CH), Villeglé (FR), Christo (BG-FR) | collage, assemblage, painting | Duchamp, neo-dada | |
FR Pompidou. US Met. UK Tate. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Environment | 1962 Dylaby 1967-68 Environment, I-V |
1958 Kaprow 1969 Wedewer 1972 Kepes |
Kaprow, Oldenburg, Dine, Kienholz, Segal (US), Soto (VE-FR), Alviani, Colombo, Castellani (IT) | mixed-media construction, assemblage | Schwitters' Merzbau | |
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Fluxus | 1961 AG Gallery events 1962 Kleines Sommerfest: après John Cage 2007 Fluxus East |
1963 Maciunas 1963 Monte Young 1998 Friedman |
Maciunas, Flynt, G Brecht (US), Vautier (FR), Watts, Higgins, Knowles, Patterson, Paik, Williams, Hutchins (US), Ono (JP-US), Schmit, Beuys (DE), Filliou (FR), Tokyo Fluxus (JP) | performance, sculpture, printmaking | expanded arts | |
US Met, MiA. UK Tate. FR Pompidou. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Actionism, Viennese Actionism |
1962 Blutorgel 1963 Fest des Psycho–Physischen Naturalismus 1968 Kunst und Revolution 2016 Body, Psyche, and Taboo |
1962 Nitsch, Mühl, Frohner | G Brus, Muehl, Nitsch, Schwarzkogler, A Brus, Cibulka, Valie Export (AT) | performance | happening, Reich, Jung, Wiener 1954 | |
AT Mumok. UK Tate. FR Pompidou. INT Artsy, UbuWeb. | ||||||
Body Art | 1970-76 Avalanche 1998 Jones |
Acconci, Burden, Schneemann, Wilke, Ukeles, McCarthy, Nauman, Benglis, Rosler (US), Kusama, Ono, Kubota (JP-US), Mendieta (CU-US), Pane, Journiac, Orlan (FR), Valie Export (AT), Iveković, Abramović, Gotovac (YU), Mlčoch, Štembera (CZ), Bereś, KwieKulik (PL), Hajas (HU), Brătescu, Grigorescu (RO) | performance, happening, painting, sculpture, photography, film, video | happening, Fluxus, contemp. dance, actionism, destruction art | ||
US Met. FR Pompidou. UK Tate. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Khartoum School, Madrasat al Khartoum |
2016 The Khartoum School: the Making of the Modern Art Movement in Sudan | 1962 D Williams | Salahi, Shibrain, Rabbah, Ishaq, Nour, Ahmed (SD-UK) | painting, drawing, sculpture | ||
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Colour Field Painting, Post-Painterly Abstraction | 1964 Post-Painterly Abstraction | 1955 Greenberg 1970 Sandler |
Rothko, Newman, Still, Frankenthaler, M Louis, Noland, Alma Thomas, Gilliam (US), Denny, Hoyland, R Smith (UK) | painting | abstract expr. | |
US Guggenheim, Met. UK Tate p. FR Pompidou c., + p.p.. INT Artsy, Artsy p.p., Google AP. | ||||||
Capitalist Realism | 1963 Leben mit Pop. Eine Demonstration für den kapitalistischen Realismus 2013 Living with Pop: A Reproduction of Capitalist Realism + |
Kuttner, Lueg, Polke, Richter (DE) | happening, installation, painting | consumerism, media, US pop art, Fluxus | ||
Mail Art, Correspondence Art, Postal Art |
1962-63 Yam Festival 1970 New York Correspondance School 1971 Mail Art (at Paris Biennale) 1973 Omaha Flow Systems 1986 Decentralized Worldwide Mail-art Congress |
1971 Poinsot 1972 Albright 1974 Fischer 1980 Carrión |
Johnson (US), Filliou (FR), Spoerri (RO-CH), G Brecht (US), Vautier (FR), Anna Banana (CA), Cavellini (IT), Kozłowski, Partum (PL), Kocman (CZ) | letter, postcard, drawing, object | Fluxus | |
DK Lomholt. US U Buffalo, Gina Lotta. FR Pompidou. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Op Art | 1965 The Responsive Eye 2007 Optic Nerve |
1965 Albers 1970 Barrett |
Vasarely (HU-FR), Riley (UK), Soto, Cruz-Diez (VE-FR), Agam (IL-FR), Le Parc (AR-FR), Morellet (FR), Anuszkiewicz (US) | painting, sculpture | kinetic art, Albers | |
FR Pompidou. US Met. UK Tate. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Minimal Art, Minimalism |
1966 Primary Structures 1968 The Art of the Real 2014 Other Primary Structures |
1965 Judd 1966 Morris 1967 Fried 1967 Aspen 5-6 1968 Battcock 1986 Foster |
Judd, Morris, Stella, Flavin, Andre, T Smith, LeWitt, Martin (US) | sculpture | ||
US Guggenheim, NGA, Met, MiA. FR Pompidou. UK Tate. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Process Art | 1966 Eccentric Abstraction 1969 Anti-Illusionism: Procedures/Materials 1969 9 in a Warehouse |
Morris, Serra (US), Hesse (DE-US), Le Va, Cohen, Nauman (US) | sculpture | minimal art, performance art | ||
US Guggenheim. UK Tate. FR Pompidou. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Post-Minimalism | 1966 Eccentric Abstraction 1969 Anti-Illusionism: Procedures/Materials 1969 When Attitudes Become Form |
1968 Morris 1971 Pincus-Witten 1973 Krauss 1977 Pincus-Witten |
Hesse (DE-US), Serra, Benglis, Le Va, LeWitt, Tuttle, Bochner, Sonnier, Vicconci, Nauman (US) | sculpture, performance | minimalism, process art, land art, conceptual art, body art, performance art | |
US Guggenheim. FR Pompidou. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Expanded Cinema | 1965 New Cinema Festival I 1966 9 Evenings 1968 X-Screen 1974 Projected Images 1976 Festival of Expanded Cinema |
1964 Mekas 1966 VanDerBeek 1970 Youngblood |
VanDerBeek, Schneemann, Jacobs, Conrad, Sharits, Whitman (US), Snow (CA), B+W Hein (DE), Valie Export, Weibel, Scheugl (AT), Lemaître (FR), Keen, T Hill, L Rhodes (UK), Filmaktion: Le Grice, Raban, A Nicolson, Eatherley (UK), McCall (UK-US), Oiticica (BR), KwieKulik (PL) | film, video, performance, installation, media environment | experimental film, video art, computer art | |
| ||||||
Video Art | 1966 9 Evenings 1968 The Machine as Seen at the End of the Mechanical Age 1969 TV as a Creative Medium 1970 Information 1971 The Kitchen opens 1972-77 April Meetings The Video Show |
1970-74 Radical Software 1970 Youngblood |
Paik (KO-DE-US), Vostell (DE), L Levine (IE-CA-US), Tambellini (IT-US), Nauman, Ant Farm, Sonnier, Acconci, Viola (US), Vasulkas (CZ-IS-US), Valie Export (AT), Rosenbach (DE), D Hall (UK), Dragans (SL), Bruszewski (PL), C Campbell (CA), Jonas, Benglis, G Hill (US), Iveković, Martinis (CR), Robakowski (PL), Mendieta (CU-US) | video, installation, sculpture, performance, broadcast | television, media, McLuhan | |
US VDB. UK Tate. AT MUMOK. INT Artsy, UbuWeb. | ||||||
New York Graphic Workshop | 1964 founded 1966 New York Graphic Workshop Buenos Aires 2008 The New York Graphic Workshop, 1964-1970 |
1964 NYGW Manifesto | Camnitzer (DE-UY-US), Porter (AR-US), Castillo (VE-US) | printmaking | ||
| ||||||
Casablanca School | 1966 Rabat show 1969 Exposition Manifeste 2016 Casablanca School of Fine Arts |
1966-72 Souffles 2015 Powers |
Belkahia, Melehi, Chabâa (MA) | painting | ||
| ||||||
Arte Povera | 1967 Arte povera – IM Spazio 1968 Arte Povera 1968 Arte Povera+Azioni Povere |
1967 Celant 1969 Celant |
Anselmo, Boetti, Calzolari, Fabro, Gilardi, Mario Merz, Marisa Merz, Paolini, Pascali, Penone, Pistoletto, Prini, Zorio (IT), Kounellis (GR-IT) | sculpture, installation, happening, performance | conceptual art, Pasolini | |
FR Pompidou. UK Tate. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Performance Art | 1998 Out of Actions: Between Performance and the Object, 1949-1979 | 1979 Goldberg 1998 Schimmel |
Acconci, Burden, Nauman, Oppenheim, Graham, Jonas, Monk, Piper, Carolee Schneemann, Ukeles, Laurie Anderson (US), Ono (JP-US), Horn, Beuys (DE), Hsieh (TW), Stelarc (CY-AU), Iveković, Abramović (YU), Mlčoch, Štembera (CZ), Kantor, Warpechowski, Borowski, Bereś (PL), Szentjóby (HU), Grigorescu (RO) | performance | happening, Fluxus, body art, actionism, contemp. dance | |
US MoMA, Guggenheim, Met, MFA Boston. UK Tate. FR FRAC Lorraine. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Black Arts Movement | 1968 Weusi at Stony Brook U 1970 AfriCOBRA 1: Ten in Search of a Nation 1971 Where We At: Black Women Artists 2010 AfriCOBRA 2015 The Freedom Principle 2018 Soul of a Nation |
1970 Donaldson 2018 Morgan |
Andrews, Bellow, Brown, Calloway, Donaldson, J Jarrell, W Jarrell, Jones, Jones-Hogu, Lawrence, Mallory, McCannon, Olugebefola, Riddle, Saar, collectives: Weusi, AfriCOBRA, Where We At (US) | printmaking, collage, painting, quilt | Neal 1968, liberation, equality | |
UK Tate c.a. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Computer Art, Computer Graphics |
1968 Computer Graphic 1968 Cybernetic Serendipity 1968 Tendencies 4 1970 Software |
1968-72 Bit International 1969ff PAGE |
Laposky, Noll, Schwartz (US), Franke (AT), Alsleben, Nake, Nees, Mohr (DE), Zajec (IT), Molnar (HU-FR) | screenprint, film | ||
INT Artsy early c.a. | ||||||
Land Art, Earth Art, Environmental Art, Site-Specific Art | 1968 Earth Works 1969 Earth Art 1969 When Attitudes Become Form 2012 Ends of the Earth |
1966 Smithson 1968 Smithson 1970-76 Avalanche 1979 Krauss |
Smithson, Heizer, de Maria, Andre, Morris, Oppenheim (US), Christo & Jeanne Claude (BG/FR-US) | conceptual art | ||
US Guggenheim s./en., Met. UK Tate en. FR Pompidou l.. INT Artsy, Artsy s., Google AP. | ||||||
Mono-ha, School of Things |
1970 August 1970: Aspects of New Japanese Art 2015 Mono-ha - Premessa |
1970 roundtable in Bijutsu techō 436 1970-71 Ufan |
Ufan (KO-JP), Sekine, Yoshida, Honda, Narita, Koshimizu, Suga, Enokura, Haraguchi (JP) | earthwork, sculpture | ||
| ||||||
Photorealism, Hyperrealism, Superrealism |
1970 Twenty-two Realists 1972 Documenta 5 1973 Photo-Realism 1973 1973 Hyperréalisme |
1969 Meisel 1973 Brachot 1975 Battcock |
Close, Estes, Flack, Bechtle, Cottingham, McLean, Eddy, Goings, Hanson, De Andrea (US), Salt (UK), Gertsch (CH) | painting, sculpture | photography | |
UK Tate h. FR Pompidou h. INT Artsy, Artsy h., Google AP, Google AP h. | ||||||
Conceptual Art | 1969 January 1-31 1969 When Attitudes Become Form 1971 At Another Moment 1972 Documenta 5 1999 Global Conceptualism: Points of Origin 1950-1980s |
1961 Flynt 1967 LeWitt 1969 Kosuth 1973 Lippard 1990 Buchloh |
Kosuth, LeWitt (US), Art&Language (UK), Darboven (DE), Bochner, Weiner, D Huebler (US), Broodthaers (BE), Buren (FR), Graham (US), Haacke (DE-US), Piper, Ruscha (US), Darboven (DE), Gorgona (CR), OHO (SL), KÔD, Đorđević (SR), Erdély, Szentjóby (HU), Borowski, Kozłowski (PL), Koller, Filko (SK), Kabakov, Komar & Melamid, Collective Actions (RU) | sculpture, printmaking, performance, painting | readymade, land art | |
US Guggenheim, Met, MiA. UK Tate. FR Pompidou. AR MNBA. INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Institutional Critique | 1971 Guggenheim cancels Haacke's show 1971 Guggenheim censores Buren's work |
1971 Buren 1977 Haacke 1990 Buchloh |
Haacke (DE-US), Broodthaers (BE), Buren (FR), Asher, Rosler, Guerrilla Girls, Fraser (US), Wodiczko (PL-US) | sculpture, installation, performance | conceptual art, Foucault | |
INT Artsy. | ||||||
Systems Art | 1970 Software | 1967 Haacke 1968 Burnham 1968 Burnham 1970 Software |
Haacke (DE-US), L Levine (IE-CA-US), Flavin, Andre, Morris (US), CAyC group (AR) | installation, sculpture | Bertalanffy 1968, cybernetics | |
| ||||||
Feminist Art | 1969 Women Artists in Revolution protest 1971 26 Women Artists 1972 Womanhouse 1973 c. 7,500 1975 Magna Feminismus: Kunst und Kreativität 2007WACK!: Art and the Feminist Revolution |
1971 Nochlin 1971-73 West-East Bag newsletter 1972-77 Feminist Art Journal 1976 Lippard |
Bourgeois (FR-US), Hesse (DE-US), Kusama (JP), Schneemann, Chicago (US), Schapiro (CA-US), Mendieta (CU-US), Ringgold, Kruger, Rosler, Sherman, Holzer, Benglis, Guerrilla Girls (US), Valie Export (AT), Abakanowicz, Partum (PL), Iveković (YU) | sculpture, painting, performance, installation | ||
INT Artsy. | ||||||
Hurufiyya, Arabic Letterism |
1947 Omar's show in Washington DC 1971- One Dimension shows 1997 Letter, Word, Art |
1949 Omar 1971 Al Said 2006 Porter |
Omar (SY-IQ-US), Al Said (IQ-FR), Hamoudi (IQ), Waqialla (SD-UK), Adnan (LB-US), Akyavaş (TR), Tanavoli (IR-IT-US), Zenderoudi (IR-FR), el-Said (IQ), Moustafa (EG-UK), Massoudy (IQ-FR), Ahuja (IN-UK), Qotbi (MA-FR), Koraichi (DZ-FR), group: One Dimension (IQ) | painting, drawing, printmaking, craft | calligraphy | |
en Tate. | ||||||
Nsukka Group | 1997 The Poetics of Line | Okeke, Aniakor, O Udechukwu (NG), Anatsui (GH-NG), Adenaike (NG) | painting, printmaking, sculpture | uli, nsibidi, li calligraphy | ||
en Tate. | ||||||
Sots Art | 1972 Melamid & Komar's Sots Art series 2007 Sots Art |
1988 Groys | Bulatov (RU), Komar & Melamid, Kosolapov, Sokov (RU-US), Nest group, Bruskin (RU) | painting, sculpture | socialist realism, pop art | |
| ||||||
Graffiti Art | 1972 City College show 1983 Post-Graffiti |
1975 Martinez 1982 Foster |
Basquiat, Haring, Rammellzee, McGee (US), Banksy (UK) | mural, painting, drawing | ||
UK Tate. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Papunya Tula | 1972 cooperative formed 1981 Australian Perspecta 1985 The Face of the Centre: Papunya Tula Paintings 1971–1984 2000 Papunya Tula: Genesis and Genius |
Possum, Kaapa, Stockman, Uta Uta, Anatjari, Leura, Tolson (AU) | painting, mural | dreaming | ||
AU Papunya Tula Artists, NGA Canberra, NMA Canberra + +, AG NSW Sydney, NGV Melbourne, Flinders U, Australian M Sydney, Knights, Wilkersons. | ||||||
New Topographics | 1975 New Topographics | 1975 Jenkins | Adams, Baltz, Gohlke, Nixon, Shore (US), Bechers (DE) | photography | man-altered landscape | |
| ||||||
Tansaekhwa, Dansaekhwa |
1975 Five Korean Artists, Five Kinds of White 1975 École de Seoul 2014 Overcoming the Modern |
1980 Yil | Chong-hyun, Chang-sup, Sang-hwa, Ufan, Whan-ki, Young-woo, Seo-bo (KO) | painting | ||
en Tate. | ||||||
Laboratoire Agit'Art | 1974 group established 1977 Tenq project space starts |
2004 Harney 2014 Deliss |
Samb, El Sy, Sèye, Traoré (SN) | performance, installation, photography, film, painting, sculpture | performance art, critique of Négritude | |
en Tate. | ||||||
Resistance Art | 1977 A New Day 1982 Culture and Resistance Symposium & Art for Social Development 2011 Impressions from South Africa |
1986 To All Organizations and Cultural Workers 1989 Williamson |
Mnyele, Tladi (ZA-BW), Martins, Magadlela, Clarke, Catherine, Rakgoathe, Muafangejo, Williamson, Kentridge, Bester (ZA), group: Medu Art Ensemble (BW-ZA) | printmaking, painting | Black Consciousness Movement, anti-apartheid | |
| ||||||
Pictures Generation | 1977 Pictures 2009 Pictures Generation |
1979 Crimp 1980 Owens, (2) |
Sherman, Levine, Prince, Kruger (US), Goldstein (CA-US) | photography, film, video, performance, painting | mass culture, appropriation, performance art, Barthes 1967 | |
Vancouver School of Photo-conceptualism | 2005 Intertidal 2015 Traces That Resemble Us |
2018 Modigliani | Wallace (UK-CA), Wall, Graham, Lum, Douglas, Arden (CA) | photography, installation | conceptual art, cinema | |
en Wikipedia. | ||||||
Neoism | 1979 The Brain in the Mail 1980 APT '80 |
1979 Cantsin 1984-95 SMILE 1984 Cantsin 1987 Cantsin |
Ackerman (US), Zack (US-CA), Kantor (HU-CA), Tolson (US), Bonbon (CA), Zealot (DE), Horobin, Home (UK) Cramer (DE-NL), Cantsin, Eliot, Blissett (int) | performance, printmaking, prank, film | mail art, Fluxus, counterculture, plagiarism | |
| ||||||
Sound Art, Sound Installation |
1980 Für Augen und Ohren 1987 Ars Electronica 1996 Sonambiente 1996– Singuhr 2012 Sounding the Body Electric 2012 Sound Art: Sound as a Medium of Art |
1975 Grayson 1985 Wishart 1990 Lander & Lexier |
Lucier, Neuhaus, Amacher, Leitner (AT), DeMarinis, B Fontana (US), R Julius, Kubisch (DE), Collins (US) | installation, sculpture, performance | Russolo, Satie, Cage, Murray-Schafer, Eno | |
INT Artsy. | ||||||
Stars Group, Xingxing |
1979 The Stars Exhibition | AI Weiwei, HUANG Rui, LI Shuang, MA Desheng, WANG Keping (CN) | painting, sculpture, drawing | |||
| ||||||
Minjung Art, People's Art |
1980 Reality and Utterance 1988 Min Joong Art 1994 Fifteen Years of Minjung Art |
Yoon, Song-dam, Chul-Soo, Bong-Chun, Hyeonsil gwa Bareon group (KO) | printmaking, drawing | anti-capitalism | ||
en Tate. | ||||||
Neo-Expressionism, Neue Wilden, Figuration libre, Heftige Malerei |
1980 Venice Biennial 1982 Zeitgeist 1982 documenta 7 |
Baselitz, Penck, Immendorff, Kiefer, Lüpertz (DE), Schnabel (US), Le Brun (UK), Combas, Blanchard, Boisrond, de Rosa (FR) | painting | expr. | ||
FR Pompidou f.l.. US Guggenheim, Met. AR MNBA. INT Artsy, Artsy n.f., Google AP. | ||||||
Transavanguardia | 1979 Le Stanze | 1979 Oliva 1980 Oliva |
Chia, Clemente, Cucchi, Paladino (IT) | painting | neo-expr. | |
FR Pompidou. INT Artsy. | ||||||
New British Sculpture | 1981 Objects and Sculpture | Cox, Cragg, Flanagan, Gormley, Deacon, Houshiary, Kapoor, Wilding, Woodrow (UK) | sculpture | |||
| ||||||
Düsseldorf School of Photography | Bechers, Ruff, Gursky, Höfer, Hütte, Struth (DE) | photography | Neue Sachlichkeit, new topogr. | |||
| ||||||
Neue Slowenische Kunst | 1984 NSK established | Irwin, Laibach, New Collectivism (SL) | performance, sculpture | retro-avant-garde | ||
| ||||||
Postcolonial Art | 1984 'Primitivism' in 20th Century Art [15] 1989 Magiciens de la terre 2014 Magiciens de la terre. Retour sur une exposition légendaire |
Durham, Hammons (US), Ofili (UK-TT), Orozco (MX-FR-US), Walker (US) | sculpture, performance, installation | Fanon 1961, Said 1978: Orientalism | ||
| ||||||
British Black Arts Movement | 1984 Into the Open 1987 The Image Employed 1989 The Other Story |
Araeen, Bailey, Black Audio Film Collective, Boyce, Chambers, Dedi, Forrester, Himid, C Johnson, Kapo, Palmer, K Piper, Rodney, Sealy, M Smith, Sulter (UK) | painting, sculpture, photography | Stuart Hall | ||
en Tate. | ||||||
Xiamen Dada | 1983 Cultural Palace 1986 Burning Event |
1986 Huang | HUANG Yongping, LIN Jiahua, JIAO Yaoming, YU Xiaogang, XU Chengdou (CN) | assemblage, painting, sculpture | dada, Chan Buddhism | |
| ||||||
Rational Painting, Lixing huihua |
1986 Gao | WANG Guangyi, SHU Qun, REN Jian, LIU Yan, ZHANG Peili, GENG Jianyi, WANG Qiang (CN) | painting | |||
en Tate. | ||||||
85 New Wave, bawu meishu xinchao |
1985 shows in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Beijing, Shanghai, Yunnan, Shenzhen, Shanxi | 1986 Gao 2011 Gao |
painting | rational painting, xiamen dada | ||
| ||||||
Neo-Geo, Simulationism, Neo-Conceptualism |
1986 Endgame | 1996 Foster 2014 Brandt |
Halley, Bickerton, Goldstein, Welling, Koons (US), Lavier (FR) | painting, assemblage, sculpture | abstraction, appropriation art, Baudrillard 1981: simulation | |
FR Pompidou s., + n.. INT Artsy, Artsy n.c. | ||||||
Young British Artists (YBA) | 1988 Freeze 1995 Brilliant! 1997 Sensation |
1992 Corris 1999 Stallabrass |
Hirst, Lucas, Fairhurst, Landy, Emin, Dean (UK) | sculpture, installation | ||
INT Artsy, Google AP. | ||||||
Cynical Realism | 1992 Li | YUE Minjun, FANG Lijun, ZHANG Xiaogang, WANG Jinsong, YANG Shaobin, SONG Yonghong (CN) | painting | socialist realism, political pop | ||
| ||||||
Political Pop | 1992 Li | WANG Guangyi, YU Youhan, WANG Ziwei, FENG Mengbo, ZHANG Peili, WEI Guangqing, QIU Zhijie (CN) | painting | 85 new wave, pop art | ||
| ||||||
Relational Art, Relational Aesthetics |
1993 Backstage 1996 Traffic 2002 Touch 2008 theanyspacewhatever |
1998 Bourriaud 2004 Bishop |
Parreno, Huyghe (FR), Gillick (UK-US), Tiravanija (TH-US), Beecroft (IT-US), Cattelan (IT), Höller (BE), Gordon (UK) | performance, installation, sculpture | ||
| ||||||
New Genre Public Art | 1993 Culture in Action | 1995 Lacy 2002 Kwon |
Lacy, Dion (US), Bruguera (CU-US) | |||
| ||||||
Abject Art | 1993 Abject Art | 1994 October 1996 Foster |
Sherman, Kelley, McCarthy, Bourgeois, Schneemann, Gober, K Smith (US), Chadwick, Gilbert&George, Lucas, Chapman bros (UK) | sculpture, performance, installation | Kristeva 1980, Bataille, feminist art | |
Archival Art, Archival Aesthetics |
2004 Foster | Gonzalez-Torres (CU-US), Tiravanija (TH-US), Gillick (UK-US), Hirschhorn (CH-FR), Orozco (MX-FR-US), Gordon (UK), Huyghe, Parreno, Gonzalez-Foerster (FR), Green, Dion, Durant (US), Dean (UK) | installation, performance | |||
| ||||||
Tactical Media | 1993 Next 5 Minutes | 1992 N5M Zapbook 1994 CAE |
Critical Art Ensemble, The Yes Men, Electronic Disturbance Theater, ®TMark (US), Bureau of Inverse Technology, Ubermorgen (int), Raqs Media Collective (IN), Garcia (NL-UK) | performance, software, installation | situationists, de Certeau 1980: strategy vs tactics | |
en Tate. | ||||||
Net Art, Internet Art |
1993 jodi.org 1994 irational.org 1997 documenta X 1998 Beyond Interface 2000 Digital Is Not Analog |
1996 Blank 1999 ReadMe! |
Jodi (BE/NL), Ćosić (SL), Bunting & irational.org (UK/int), Shulgin, Lialina (RU), Bookchin (US), 0100101110101101.org (IT) | software | Nettime | |
US Turbulence. INT Artsy. | ||||||
Afrofuturism | 2013 The Shadows Took Shape 2015 Unveiling Visions |
1994 Dery 1998 Eshun |
Akomfrah (GH-UK), Kia Henda (AO), Otolith Group (UK), Mutu (KE-US), De Middel (ES-UK) | mythology, race, technology | ||
| ||||||
Software Art | 2002 Readme 2002 CODeDOC 2003 Ars Electronica: Code |
2006 Goriunova 2008 Mansoux & de Valk |
Mansoux (FR-NL), I/O/D, Mongrel, McLean, Ward, Yuill (UK), Levin, Napier, Radical Software Group (US), 0100101110101101.org (IT), Moddr, Netochka Nezvanova (int) | software | net art, game art | |
| ||||||
Game Art | 1998 Synreal: The Unreal Modification 2001 Game Show 2003 Games: Computer Games by Artists |
2002 Holmes | Jodi (BE/NL), Mongrel (UK), Bookchin (US), Eastwood (SR), Diosi (SK-CZ), Molleindustria (IT), J Oliver (NZ-DE), Jahrmann (AT) | software, installation | ||
| ||||||
Bio Art | 2000 Ars Electronica: Next Sex | Kac (US), Stelarc (CY-AU), Critical Art Ensemble (US), Jeremijenko (AU-US), SymbioticA (AU), Quinn (UK), De Menezes (PT), Dewey-Hagborg (US) | genetics | |||
en Grove. | ||||||
Post-Internet Art | 2011 Grouped Show 2011 The Greater Cloud 2014 Art Post-Internet 2016 The Present in Drag |
2008 Olson 2010 Vierkant 2011 Pool 2011 McGugh 2014 Kholeif |
Laric (AT-DE), Domanović (SR-SL-AT-DE), Novitskova (EE-NL), Rafman (CA), Si-Qin (DE), Arcangel, Olson, Cortright, Vierkant (US) | sculpture, digital print, software, video | surf clubs, VVORK, DIS, new aesthetic | |
| ||||||
Decolonial Aesthetics | 2009- SAVVY Contemporary 2012-2018 BE.BOP |
2011 manifesto 2013 Decolonial aestheSis |
Ehlers, Lasch, Povinelli, Wilson | installation, performance, sculpture, video, intervention | ||
|
More[edit]
This list extends the table above to include terms that are not widely used. Some may be added later.[8]
- Abramtsevo Colony. en Grove DA, Wikipedia.
- Abstract Art. US Met. INT Artsy. en Tate, Wikipedia. fr Pompidou.
- Abstract Colorism. Pojmovnik.
- Abstract Figuration. artists: Wols, Fautrier, Dubuffet, Cobra, Pollock, Gorky, Baziotes, Gottlieb, Motherwell, Guston, de Kooning. cr Šuvaković.
- Affichistes. en Oxford DMCA. fr Larousse.es Akal.
- Allianz. fr Larousse.
- Amazonian Pop Art, Wild Naive. en Wikipedia
- Ambient Art. de RDK.
- American Abstract Artists. 1937 Squibb Gallery show. UK Tate.
en Grove US, Tate. fr Larousse. ref: abstraction-création, cubism. - American Scene. en SSM2.
- American Studio Craft Movement. INT Artsy.
- Anachronists, Anacronismo. artists: Calvesi. Mariani, Barni, Bartolini, Galliani, di Stasio, Tanganelli. painting. it Treccani. es Akal. cr Šuvaković
- Analytic Abstraction. es Akal.
- Analytic Painting. artists: Urkom, Damnjanovic, Demur. de RDK. cr Šuvaković. hu Artportal.
- Angry Art. artists: ACT UP, Jones. [16]
- Angry Penguins. en Tate. es Akal.
- Anti-Design. en SSM2.
- Antiform. en Tate. fr Pompidou. FR Pompidou.
- Appropriation art. FR Pompidou. INT Artsy. de RDK.
- Arbeitsrat für Kunst. en SSM2, Wikipedia.
- Archizoom. en Grove DA.
- Art and Science. sl Pojmovnik.
- Artists' Books, Book Art. INT Artsy. cr Šuvaković. hu Artportal, Artportal.
- Art Photography. en SSM2, Wikipedia.
- Ashcan School, The Eight. US Met. INT Artsy. en Tate, Wikipedia.
- Assemblage. INT Artsy. en Art Since 1900: 415-20, SSM2, Tate, Wikipedia. es Akal.
- Automatists. en Wikipedia. es Akal.
- Bad Painting. FR Pompidou. INT Artsy. fr Larousse. es Akal.
- Barbizon School. US Met, Met US b.s. INT Artsy. en Wikipedia, Wikipedia US b.s.
- The Baroda Group. en Tate.
- Bay Area Figuration. INT Artsy. [17]
- Beat Generation, Beat Art. US Met. FR Pompidou. en SSM2.
- Beijing East Village. INT Artsy.
- Bengal School of Art. INT Artsy. en Wikipedia.
- BMPT. FR Pompidou. es Akal.
- La Boca. en CVAA. es CVAA.
- Browser Art. en Tate.
- Brücke (now part of Expressionism). FR Pompidou. US Met. INT Artsy. en Grove, SSM, Tate, Wikipedia. es Akal. no SNL.
- Brutalism. INT Artsy. en SSM2, Tate.
- CalArts. INT Artsy.
- Cercle et Carré. FR Pompidou. en Tate. es Akal.
- Chicago Imagists. INT Artsy.
- Chicago School. US Met. en SSM2.
- Chicano Art. INT Artsy.
- Cloisonnism. artists: Louis Anquetin, Emile Bernard. en SSM2. de RDK.
- Cluj School. INT Artsy.
- Combine Painting, Combines. en SSM2. de RDK.
- Conceptual Photography. UK Tate. en Tate.
- Constructionism. UK Tate. en Tate.
- Continuità. it Treccani.
- Corrente. it Treccani.
- Craftsman Movement. en Grove US.
- Cybernetic art. cr Šuvaković. hu Artportal. sl Pojmovnik.
- Dau al Set. INT Artsy. en Wikipedia.
- Decadence (now implied in Aestheticism). UK Tate. en SSM2, Tate.
- Deconstructivism. INT Artsy. en Wikipedia. de RDK. it Treccani.
- DesignArt. en SSM2.
- Destination art. en SSM2.
- Deutscher Werkbund. en SSM2. it Treccani.
- Digital Art. INT Artsy. en Tate, Wikipedia. cr Šuvaković.
- East Village Art. 1984 New Galleries of the Lower East Side. 1984 The East Village Scene [18]. 2004 East Village USA. INT Artsy.
- Eat Art. de RDK.
- Electronic Art. cr Šuvaković.
- Elementarism (now part of De Stijl). en SSM2. it Treccani. no SNL.
- Epoxy Art Group. en Grove US.
- Euston Road School. en Tate.
- Existential Art. en SSM2.
- Existentialist Figuration. Pojmovnik.
- Expressive Figuration. Pojmovnik.
- Fantastic Art. Pojmovnik.
- Färg och Form. SNL.
- Folk art. US Met US f.a., INT Artsy. en Grove US, Wikipedia.
- Forces nouvelles. FR Pompidou.
- Fronte nuovo delle arti. it Treccani. no SNL.
- Fundamental Painting, Reductive Painting, Introspective Painting. 1975 Stedelijk show. cr Šuvaković. hu Artportal
- Funk Art. FR Pompidou. INT Artsy. en Grove US, SSM2. it Treccani. no SNL.
- Geometric Abstraction. US Met. INT Google AP. en Met, Wikipedia. fr Larousse. cr Šuvaković. Pojmovnik.
- Gödöllo colony. 1901-21 operates near Budapest. 1909 National Salon Budapest show. artists: Körösfoi-Kriesch, S Nagy, Kriesch, Raálo, Remsey, Frecskai, Belmonte, Juhász, Mihály, Zichy, M Undi, C Undi, Sidló (HU). sculpture, crafts, design. ref: Arts and Crafts, Tolstoy.
- Gothic Revival. en Grove US.
- GRAV (now part of Kinetic art). en SSM2.
- Groupe Espace. FR Pompidou.
- Groupe Panique. FR Pompidou.
- Group f/64. US Met. INT Artsy. en Tate. photography.
- Group Material. INT Artsy.
- Gruppo 7. en SSM2.
- Gruppo degli Otto. it Treccani.
- Gruppo Uno. it Treccani.
- High-Tech. en SSM2.
- Hypergraphisme. FR Pompidou.
- Hypermannerism. cr Šuvaković
- Imaginisterna. no SNL.
- Installation Art (now implied in Environment). US Met. UK Tate. INT Artsy. en Grove, Tate. it Treccani. cr Šuvaković. hu Artportal
- Interactive Art. cr Šuvaković
- International Style. US Met. INT Artsy. en SSM2, Tate.
- Jack of Diamonds. en SSM2.
- Jugendstil (now part of Art Nouveau). en Britannica, SSM2. de RDK. no SNL.
- Junk art. de RDK. cr Šuvaković
- Kitchen Sink School. UK Tate. en SSM2, Tate.
- Konkretistene. no SNL.
- Light and Space Movement. 2015 Another Minimalism: Art After California Light and Space. INT Artsy. en Wikipedia. ref: minimalism.
- Light Art. en Oxford DA. INT Artsy.
- Ljubljana Graphic School. sl Pojmovnik.
- London School. FR Pompidou.
- Magic Realism. UK Tate. INT Google AP. en SSM2, Tate, Wikipedia.
- Mechanical Art. es Akal.
- M.I.A.R. en SSM2.
- Modernisme. en SSM2.
- Multimedia Art. cr Šuvaković
- Musicalisme. FR Pompidou.
- Les Nabis (now part of Post-Impressionism). US Met. en SSM2, Tate, Wikipedia.
- Naive Art. it Treccani. sl Pojmovnik. no SNL. FR Pompidou.
- Narrative art. FR Pompidou.
- Narrative figuration. fr Pompidou. FR Pompidou.
- Neo-Avant-Garde. it Treccani. cr Šuvaković
- Neo-Constructivism. cr Šuvaković. sl Pojmovnik.
- Neoliberty. it Treccani.
- Neo-Pop. en SSM2.
- Neorealismo. it Treccani.
- Neoromantismm, Neo-Romanticism. FR Pompidou. en SSM2. de RDK.
- Neue Sezession. no SNL.
- New American Color Photography. INT Artsy.
- New American Documentary Photography. INT Artsy.
- New Artistic Practice. 1966-78. term: Denegri, Susovski, Maticevic. cr Šuvaković
- New Baroque. 1981 Millet. cr Šuvaković. ref: Neo-Expressionism, Transavanguardia.
- New Figuration. 2010 Nueva Figuración 1961-1965. 1961 Ragon. AR MNBA. en Tate, Oxford DA. cr Šuvaković
- New Futurism. 1980s-mid. Abate, Bonfiglio, Innocente, Lodole, Palmieri, Postal (IT). painting, sculpture, design. cr Šuvaković. futurism
- New Generation Sculpture. UK Tate. en Oxford DA, Tate. cr Šuvaković.
- New Image Painting. 1978 Whitney show. Guston, Bartlett (US). painting. Oxford DA---"vague term". cr Šuvaković. hu Artportal. Pojmovnik.. neo-expr.
- New Leipzig School. artists: Rauch, Ruckhäberle, Weischer. painting. INT Artsy. en Wikipedia.
- New Materials. cr Šuvaković
- New Media Art. en Oxford bib.
- New Spirit Painting. UK Tate. en Tate.
- New Tendencies. cr Šuvaković
- Non-Figurative Art. FR Pompidou.
- Novecento Italiano. en SSM2, Wikipedia. it Treccani. FR Pompidou.
- Novembergruppe (now part of Expressionism). en SSM2. it Treccani. no SNL.
- Nuclear Art. FR Pompidou. en Tate, Wikipedia. it Treccani. es Akal.
- Object Art. de RDK. it Treccani.
- Objective Abstraction. UK Tate. en Tate, Wikipedia.
- Open Form. artists: Hansen.
- Organic abstraction. en SSM2.
- Organic architecture. it Treccani.
- Palladianism. de RDK.
- Participatory Art. en Tate.
- Pattern and Decoration. INT Artsy.
- Pattern Painting. hu Artportal. [19]
- Pictorial Photography. US Met. en Grove, Met US p., Tate.
- Pintura matérica, Arte materica. Wikipedia-ES. it Treccani.
- Poetism, Devětsil. en Monoskop D. it Treccani. cz ArtsLexikon. cr Šuvaković.
- Political Art, Politkunst. cr Šuvaković. hu Artportal
- Postavanguardia. it Treccani. cr Šuvaković
- Post-'70s Ego Generation. INT Artsy.
- Post-Conceptual Art. cr Šuvaković. hu Artportal.
- Post-Expressionism. no SNL.
- Postgeometric Abstraction. cr Šuvaković
- Postmodernism. US Met. FR Pompidou. en Grove, Tate. it Treccani. cr Šuvaković. no SNL.
- Post-Surrealism. cr Šuvaković
- Primitive Art. FR Pompidou.
- Primitivism. FR Pompidou. US Guggenheim. UK Tate. en Grove, Tate. it Treccani.
- Progressive Artists' Movement. INT Artsy.
- Psychedelic Art. en Tate, Wikipedia. no SNL.
- Pure Photography. FR Pompidou.
- Queer Abstraction. UK Tate. en Tate.
- Queer Aesthetics, Activist art, artists: Group Material, Border Art Ensemble, General Idea, Gran Fury, Little Elvis. en Art Since 1900: 605ff, Tate.
- Realism. US Met, NGA. RU Hermitage. UK Tate, V&A. AR MNBA. INT Artsy US r. en Grove, Met, Tate, Wikipedia, Wikipedia US r. fr Pompidou. cr Šuvaković. no SNL.
- Réalités nouvelles. en Tate.
- Regionalism. AR MNBA. en Grove.
- Retro-Avant-Garde. cr Šuvaković. sl Pojmovnik. no SNL.
- Return to Order, Valori plastici. 1918-22 Valori plastici. UK Tate. AR MNBA. DICT en Tate. it Treccani. no SNL. painting. ref: Classicism, Realism.
- Der Ring. en SSM2.
- Rivara. it Treccani.
- Salon de la Rose+Croix. en SSM2.
- Salon des Réalités Nouvelles. ref: Abstraction-Création.
- da Santacroce. it Treccani.
- School of Amsterdam. en SSM2.
- School of Dakar. en Tate.
- School of London. UK Tate. INT Artsy. en Tate.
- School of Paris, École de Paris. FR Pompidou. US Met. NL Gemeente. en Guggenheim, Met, Tate. cr Šuvaković.
- Section d'Or. FR Pompidou.
- Semiotic art. cr Šuvaković
- Signalism. 1970-73 Signal. cr Šuvaković
- Site Works. en SSM2.
- Snapshot Aesthetic. INT Artsy.
- Social Realism. US DPLA. INT Artsy. en Grove, SSM2. cr Šuvaković.
- Soviet Nonconformist Art, Nonconformism, Unofficial art, Underground art. groups: Lianozovo, Sretensky Boulevard, Moscow Conceptualists, Petersburg Non-Conformist Group, School of Sidlin, Odessa group (RU). en Wikipedia.
- Spiral Group. INT Artsy.
- Spiralen. no SNL.
- St Ives School. UK Tate. en Tate.
- Street Art. INT Artsy. en Wikipedia. de RDK.
- Stuckism. en Tate, Wikipedia.
- Studio Azzurro. it Treccani.
- Superflat. artists: Murakami, Aoshima, Takano (JP). en Tate, Wikipedia.
- Supports-Surfaces. FR Pompidou. en SSM2.
- Synchromism. INT Artsy. en SSM2, Wikipedia. it Treccani. no SNL.
- Taller Gráfica Popular. en Tate.
- Technological Art. cr Šuvaković
- Telematic Art. en Tate.
- Tenebrism. de RDK.
- Totemism. fr Pompidou.
- Trieste Slovenian Painters. sl Pojmovnik.
- Tropicália. en Tate.
- Unit One. it Treccani. no SNL.
- Verismo. AR MNBA.
- Video Activism. en Monoskop.
- Les Vingt, Les XX. en SSM2.
- Virtual art. cr Šuvaković
- Vkhutemas. it Treccani. cr Šuvaković
- Vokovizuel. cr Šuvaković
- Wanderers, Itinerants, Peredvizhniki. en Wikipedia. it Treccani. painting. ref: realism
- Washington Color School. INT Artsy. en Tate.
- Wiener Werkstätte. it Treccani.
- World of Art, Mir iskusstva (now referred to in Art Nouveau). 1898-1904 Mir iskusstva. en Monoskop, SSM2, Tate, Wikipedia. ref: Post-Impr.
- Zaire School of Popular Painting. INT Artsy.
- Zebra. it Treccani
Notes[edit]
- ↑ Schapiro (1953) argued that "style is an essential object of investigation [to the historian of art]" (287) and defined it as "the constant form--and sometimes the constant elements, qualities, and expression--in the art of an individual or a group" (287), while "the description of a style refers to three aspects of art: form elements or motives, form relationships, and qualities (including an all-over quality which we may call the 'expression'). [...] Technique, subject matter, and material may be characteristic of certain groups of works and will sometimes be included in definitions; but more often these features are not so peculiar to the art of a period as the formal and qualitative ones" (289). Kubler (1967), on the other hand, criticised the definition of style as constant form: "The idea of style is best adapted to static situation, in crosscut or synchronous section. It is an idea unsuited to duration." More recently, Elsner (2003) summarised the bias of style in art history as follows: "The key assumption is that what matters about a work of art and what stylistic analysis may reveal is its origin and its moment of creation. Style rarely has any truck with the afterlife of objects, their messy history in the real world as they are bashed about, adapted, reused, and altered." For other aspects of the art historical debate on style, see Wölfflin (1950), Gombrich (1968), Goodman (1975), Alpers (1979), and Kubler (1979).
- ↑ Elkins 1998.
- ↑ Some collection catalogues combine it with or imply in the notion of movement. The Tate's collection can be navigated by the category Style or '-ism' , Met by Art Movement / Style, the collection aggregator Artsy by Style and Movement, while Pompidou has entitled the field Mouvement, Guggenheim Movements, and NGA and Hermitage stick with Styles.
- ↑ This applies not only to museums, but also to collection aggregators such as Artsy, Google Art Project and Artwiki.
- ↑ While the narrative text allows the fine distinctions between, say, Dadaist and Surrealist works by Max Ernst to be explained using art historical tropes, the database subordinates this tradition to the logic of normalised data. It assumes a binary relationship between a work by Ernst and the category "Dada", and between a work by Ernst and the category "Surrealism". It can be linked to both, but there is no place in the structure for conditionals. Here, styles are simply tags, and narrative text is secondary to the database structure. Similarly, if Marcel Duchamp can be treated in an essay as an early Conceptualist, the database will resist the introduction of the category early Conceptualism, as this would be unsystematic, unless a more nuanced categorisation is introduced for other included styles as well.
- ↑ Non-Western movements that have recently received belated recognition through retrospective exhibitions include Jikken Kobo (2009), Resistance Art (2011), Tansaekhwa (2014), Mono-ha (2015), Casablanca School (2016) and Khartoum School (2016).
- ↑ In recent decades, many isms were subjected to major reexaminations through retrospective exhibitions which acknowledged the legacy of women and non-Caucasian artists and extended the geographic radius beyond the West. Examples include Futurism & Futurisms (1986), Out of Actions: Between Performance and the Object, 1949-1979 (reassessing performance art, happening and process art, 1998), Global Conceptualism: Points of Origin 1950-1980s (1999), Fluxus East (2007), Seductive Subversion: Women Pop Artists, 1958–1968 (2010), Other Primary Structures (reassessing Minimalism, 2014), Storm Women (reassessing Expressionism, 2015), International Pop (2015), World Goes Pop (2015). Another phenomenon are reprises, restagings and returns to style-defining exhibitions such as Second Spring Exhibition of Obmokhu at Tretyakov Gallery (defining Constructivism, opened 2006), Living with Pop: A Reproduction of Capitalist Realism (2013) and Magiciens de la terre (2014).
- ↑ The list can be further extended to include more recent concepts created by artists to describe their practice: Arte de Conducta ("Behavior art", Bruguera), Arte Útil ("Useful art", "Art as a tool", Bruguera), Tools (Superflex, 2003), Connected Aesthetics (mxhz.org, 2004), Critical Engineering (Oliver, Savičić, Vasiliev, 2011), etc.
References[edit]
- Akal Diccionario Akal de Arte del Siglo XX, ed. Gerard Durozoi, trans. Flavia Puppo, Madrid: Akal, 1997; 2007, Google (preview). Trans. of Dictionnaire de l'art moderne et contemporain, Paris: Hazan, 1992; 1993. (Spanish)
- Artportal Artportal: "Fogalmi szócikkek", HTML. (Hungarian)
- Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, subscription access. (English)
- Grove Oxford Art Online, ed. Jane Turner, et al., Oxford University Press, 1998ff, subscription access, HTML (partial). (English)
- Grove US The Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists, ed. Ann Lee Morgan, Oxford University Press, 2007, xiv+537 pp, Google (preview). (English)
- Guggenheim Guggenheim Collection Online: "Movements", HTML. (English)
- Hartmann, Das große Kunstlexikon, ed. Peter W. Hartmann, 2003ff, HTML. (German)
- Larousse. Dictionnaire de la peinture, Larousse, 2003, HTML. (French)
- Oxford DMCA Ian Chilvers, John Glaves-Smith, A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art, Oxford University Press, 2009, Google (preview); online ed., subscription access. (English)
- Oxford DA The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists, 4th ed., ed. Ian Chilvers, Oxford University Press, 2009, xxv+694 pp, subscription access; 5th ed., OUP, 2015, subscription access. (English)
- Pojmovnik Pojmovnik slovenske umetnosti 1945-2005, HTML. (Slovenian)
- SNL Store Norsk Lexikon, 2009ff, HTML. (Norwegian)
- SSM, SSM2 Amy Dempsey, Art in the Modern Era: A Guide to Styles, Schools & Movements, 1860 to the Present, New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2002, TOC; UK ed. as Styles, Schools And Movements: The Essential Encyclopaedic Guide to Modern Art, London: Thames & Hudson, 2002; new ed., exp., 2010, 312 pp, TOC. [20] (English)
- Šuvaković Miško Šuvaković, Pojmovnik suvremene umjetnosti, Zagreb: Horetzky, 2005, IA. (Croatian)
- Tate Tate: "Glossary of Art Terms", HTML. (English)
- Treccani Treccani Enciclopedie on line, Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana (Treccani), HTML. (Italian)
Bibliography[edit]
- On the concept of style in art history
- Heinrich Wölfflin, "Introduction", in Wölffin, Principles of Art History [1915], trans. M.D. Hottinger, New York: Dover, 1950, pp 1-17, IA.
- Meyer Schapiro, "Style", in Anthropology Today: An Encyclopedic Inventory, ed. A.L. Kroeber, University of Chicago Press, 1953, pp 287-312, PDF; repr. in Aesthetics Today, ed. Morris H. Philipson, Cleveland: World, 1961.
- James S. Ackerman, "A Theory of Style", The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 20:3 (Spring 1962), pp 227-237, PDF.
- George Kubler, "Style and the Representation of Historical Time", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 138 (Feb 1967), pp 849-855, PDF.
- Ernst Gombrich, "Style", in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 15, ed. D. L. Sills, New York, 1968, pp 352-361; repr. in The Art of Art History: A Critical Anthology, 2nd ed., ed. Donald Preziosi, 2009, pp 129-140, PDF.
- Nelson Goodman, "The Status of Style", Critical Inquiry 1:4 (Jun 1975), pp 799-811, PDF.
- Svetlana Alpers, "Style is What You Make It", in The Concept of Style, eds. Leonard B. Meyer and Berel Lang, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979, pp 95-117, PDF; rev. in The Concept of Style, rev. & exp.ed., ed. Berel Lang, Cornell University Press, 1987, pp 137-162, PDF.
- George Kubler, "Toward a Reductive Theory of Visual Style", in The Concept of Style, eds. Leonard B. Meyer and Berel Lang, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979, pp 119-127; rev. in The Concept of Style, rev. & exp.ed., ed. Berel Lang, Cornell University Press, 1987, pp 163-173, PDF.
- James Elkins, "Style", in Grove Art Online, 1998. [21]
- Jas Elsner, "Style", in Critical Terms for Art History, 2nd ed., eds. Robert S. Nelson and Richard Shiff, University of Chicago Press, 2003, pp 98-109, PDF, PDF, ARG.
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