Satoshi Nakamoto: Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System (2009)
Filed under paper | Tags: · bitcoin, computing, cryptography, economy, electronic money, free software, money, p2p, software, technology
A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending. We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network. The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power. As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they’ll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers. The network itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.
Published on 24 May 2009
9 pages
The Red Specter. Journal of Agitation and Enlightenment 1 (2010) [English/Spanish]
Filed under journal | Tags: · activism, art, art criticism, colonialism, commodity fetishism, communism, economy, left, market economy, money, politics
Published on the occassion of exhibition Critical Fetishes. Residues of General Economy at CA2M Centro de Arte Dos de Mayo in Madrid, May – August 2010, curated by The Red Specter (Through its Commissariat of Public Enlightenment: Mariana Botey, Helena Chávez Mac Gregor and Cuauhtémoc Medina).
Editors of issue 1: Ekaterina Álvarez Romero and Cuauhtémoc Medina
English translations: Christopher Fraga, Lorna Scott Fox
Spanish translations: Manuel Hernández, Jaime Soler Frost
PDF, HTML, Issuu (English)
PDF, HTML, Issuu (Spanish)
Chris Anderson: Free: The Future of a Radical Price (2009)
Filed under book | Tags: · business, economy, marketing, money
The online economy offers challenges to traditional businesses as well as incredible opportunities. Chris Anderson makes the compelling case that in many instances businesses can succeed best by giving away more than they charge for. Known as “Freemium,” this combination of free and paid is emerging as one of the most powerful digital business models. In Free, Chris Anderson explores this radical idea for the new global economy and demonstrates how it can be harnessed for the benefit of consumers and businesses alike. In the twenty-first century, Free is more than just a promotional gimmick: It’s a business strategy that is essential to a company’s successful future.
Publisher Hyperion Books, 2009
ISBN 978-1-4013-9451-6
Length 274 pages
pre-book article by Anderson (Wired)
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