Laura DeNardis: Protocol Politics: The Globalization of Internet Governance (2009)
Filed under book | Tags: · arpanet, intellectual property, internet, internet governance, open standards, politics, technology
The Internet has reached a critical point. The world is running out of Internet addresses. There is a finite supply of approximately 4.3 billion Internet Protocol (IP) addresses—the unique binary numbers required for every exchange of information over the Internet—within the Internet’s prevailing technical architecture (IPv4). In the 1990s the Internet standards community identified the potential depletion of these addresses as a crucial design concern and selected a new protocol (IPv6) that would expand the number of Internet addresses exponentially—to 340 undecillion addresses. Despite a decade of predictions about imminent global conversion, IPv6 adoption has barely begun. IPv6 is not backward compatible with IPv4, and the ultimate success of IPv6 depends on a critical mass of IPv6 deployment, even among users who don’t need it, or on technical workarounds that could in turn create a new set of concerns.
Protocol Politics examines what’s at stake politically, economically, and technically in the selection and adoption of a new Internet protocol. Laura DeNardis’s key insight is that protocols are political. IPv6 serves as a case study for how protocols more generally are intertwined with socioeconomic and political order. IPv6 intersects with provocative topics including Internet civil liberties, U.S. military objectives, globalization, institutional power struggles, and the promise of global democratic freedoms. DeNardis offers recommendations for Internet standards governance, based not only on technical concerns but on principles of openness and transparency, and examines the global implications of looming Internet address scarcity versus the slow deployment of the new protocol designed to solve this problem.
Publisher MIT Press, 2009
Information Revolution and Global Politics series
ISBN 0262042576, 9780262042574
270 pages
PDF (updated on 2012-7-22)
Comment (1)Patrice Flichy: The Internet Imaginaire (2007)
Filed under book | Tags: · 1990s, arpanet, computing, cyberpunk, cyberspace, freenet, history of communications, history of computing, history of technology, internet, networks, technology, usenet, utopia, virtual communities, virtual reality, web, wired
In The Internet Imaginaire, sociologist Patrice Flichy examines the collective vision that shaped the emergence of the Internet—the social imagination that envisioned a technological utopia in the birth of a new technology. By examining in detail the discourses surrounding the development of the Internet in the United States in the 1990s (and considering them an integral part of that development), Flichy shows how an entire society began a new technological era. The metaphorical “information superhighway” became a technical utopia that informed a technological program. The Internet imaginaire, Flichy argues, led software designers, businesses, politicians, and individuals to adopt this one technology instead of another.
Flichy draws on writings by experts—paying particular attention to the gurus of Wired magazine, but also citing articles in Time, Newsweek, and Business Week—from 1991 to 1995. He describes two main domains of the technical imaginaire: the utopias (and ideologies) associated with the development of technical devices and the depictions of an imaginary digital society. He analyzes the founding myths of cyberculture—the representations of technical systems expressing the dreams and experiments of designers and promoters that developed around information highways, the Internet, Bulletin Board systems, and virtual reality. And he offers a treatise on “the virtual society imaginaire,” discussing visionaries from Teilhard de Chardin to William Gibson, the body and the virtual, cyberdemocracy and the end of politics, and the new economy of the immaterial.
Publisher MIT Press, 2007
ISBN 0262062615, 9780262062619
255 pages
PDF (updated on 2012-7-25)
Comment (1)Mercedes Bunz: Vom Speicher zum Verteiler: Die Geschichte des Internet (2008) [German]
Filed under book | Tags: · arpanet, computing, filesharing, history of computing, history of technology, internet, media history, media theory, networks, technology
Das Internet ist kein Speichermedium, es ist ein Verteilungsmedium. Deshalb ist nichts im Internet so beständig wie der Wandel – und das ist von Beginn an so gewesen. Schon in den sechziger Jahren wird die Vernetzung von Computern zugleich als Einkaufsmöglichkeit, als Austausch von Forschungen und als Sicherstellen durch verteilte Kommunikation nach einem Bombenangriff entworfen. Damit wird der Fokus bei diesem Medium immer wieder auf Schnelligkeit und Dynamik und nicht auf seine Beständigkeit gelegt.
Von diesen frühen Planungen der ersten Netzwerke bis hin zum heutigen Internetprotokoll verfolgt das vorliegende Buch die Entstehung und den Wandel dieser Technologie und stellt die wichtigsten Projekte, Visionäre und Ingenieure der Geschichte des Internet vor. Dabei zeigt sich auch: Die Entstehung dieser Kulturtechnik hat keineswegs nur in Amerika stattgefunden. Die Geschichte des Internets entspringt nicht einem Ort, sie folgt vielmehr seiner eigenen Architektur und ereignet sich selbst in Form eines verteilten Netzwerkes. Im Erzählen seiner Geschichte gilt es deshalb auch, einen Paradigmenwechsel zu vollziehen. Weil der Fokus dieses neuen Mediums auf dem Verteilen und nicht auf dem Speichern liegt, ist die Geschichte des Internet im besonderen Maße auch eine Herausforderung für das Denken einer zeitgenössischen Medientheorie.
Publisher Kulturverlag Kadmos, Berlin, February 2008
copyrights Bd. 20
ISBN 3865990258, 9783865990259
147 pages
PDF (updated on 2012-7-25)
Comment (1)