Georg Trogemann (ed.): Code und Material: Exkursionen ins Undingliche (2010) [German]

Algorithmen und digitale Informationsprozesse sind allgegenwärtig – sie nisten in den kleinsten Objekten und durchdringen alle Lebensbereiche. Die digitalen Codes, diese „Undinge” (Flusser), die unsichtbar und im genauen Sinn des Wortes „unbegreiflich” sind, galten anfangs auch in der Kunst als Inbegriff des Immateriellen. Mit ihrer Hilfe sollte der Widerstand des Materials überwunden und die alte physische Welt ersetzt werden durch eine neue virtuelle, die es erlaubt, die künstlerische Idee unverfälscht zu realisieren. Wer sich als Künstler auf die inneren Strukturen des Computers einlässt und zum Beispiel selbst programmiert oder Platinen lötet, für den verwandeln sich die abstrakten Algorithmen und digitalen Codes in reales künstlerisches Material. Die in Code und Material versammelten Arbeiten zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass Codes, Algorithmen und digitale Informationsprozesse nicht nur für die Umsetzung einer künstlerischen Idee verwendet, sondern die inneren Strukturen der digitalen Maschinen selbst untersucht werden.

– Auswahl aktueller Arbeiten der Medienkunst
– Einführung in das Spannungsverhältnis von Materialität und immateriellen Codes
– Künstlerische und theoretische Positionen zum „Unding” Information

Publisher Springer DE, 2010
ISBN 3709101204, 9783709101209
190 pages

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Peter Hoffmann: Music Out of Nothing? A Rigorous Approach to Algorithmic Composition by Iannis Xenakis (2009)

“GENDY3 (1991) by Iannis Xenakis (1922-2001) is a piece of computer generated music. But it is more than just ‘computer music’. GENDY3 is the culmination of Xenakis’ lifelong quest for an ‘Automated Art’: a music entirely generated by a computer algorithm.

Being a radical instance of a pure algorithmic composition, GENDY3 is, in a precise mathematical sense, a computable music: every aspect of its sonic shape is defined by an algorithmic procedure called ‘Dynamic Stochastic Synthesis’ (‘Génération Dynamique Stochastique’, or GENDYN for short).

The GENDYN Project, started by the author in 1995/96 with a research at CEMAMu, then the composer’s research center near Paris, exploits this computability for developing and documenting the GENDYN concept, in order to understand its various ramifications and to make it accessible for further research and production. To this end, the author implemented Dynamic Stochastic Synthesis in a new program called the ‘New GENDYN Program’ which, in addition to ‘recomposing’ GENDY3 in real time, makes it possible to inspect and control the algorithmic composition process, thereby opening up new perspectives both in Computational Musicology and in computer music creation.

For music analysis purposes, GENDY3 has been completely resynthesized. The simulation of the genesis of GENDY3 ‘in vitro’ made possible by the New GENDYN Program permits the systematic exploration of the ‘decision space’ of the composition model, contributing to a deeper understanding of both its potentials and limitations, and the complex interaction between ‘material requirements’ and compositional freedom within which the composer navigated.

The study of the GENDYN compositions provokes many fundamental questions about computing, listening and understanding, of creation, interaction and computer music aesthetics. It is shown that Xenakis, unlike many computer music composers, had no ambition whatsoever to emulate traditional musical thinking with the computer. Instead he realized his sonic vision in an abstract physical model of sound pressure dynamics yielding higher-order musical structures as emergent epiphenomena. This unusual approach addresses the medium of electroacoustic algorithmic music, i.e. the physics of sound, as well as the computability of sound as subjects of artistic creation. This approach seems to the author to be of a higher value for the foundation of a ‘true’ computer art than the widespread ambition to emulate human creativity by computers and to build up an artificial brave new world of music.” (Abstract)

PhD thesis
Fakultät I – Geisteswissenschaften, Technische Universität Berlin
Vorsitzender: Stefan Weinzierl
Berichter: Christian Martin Schmidt
Berichter: Helga de la Motte-Haber
346 pages

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Stephen Ramsay: Reading Machines: Toward an Algorithmic Criticism (2011)

“Rethinking digital literary criticism by situating computational work within the broader context of the humanities

Besides familiar and now-commonplace tasks that computers do all the time, what else are they capable of? Stephen Ramsay’s intriguing study of computational text analysis examines how computers can be used as “reading machines” to open up entirely new possibilities for literary critics. Computer-based text analysis has been employed for the past several decades as a way of searching, collating, and indexing texts. Despite this, the digital revolution has not penetrated the core activity of literary studies: interpretive analysis of written texts.

Computers can handle vast amounts of data, allowing for the comparison of texts in ways that were previously too overwhelming for individuals, but they may also assist in enhancing the entirely necessary role of subjectivity in critical interpretation. Reading Machines discusses the importance of this new form of text analysis conducted with the assistance of computers. Ramsay suggests that the rigidity of computation can be enlisted by intuition, subjectivity, and play.”

Publisher University of Illinois Press, 2011
Topics in the Digital Humanities series
ISBN 0252078209, 9780252078200
98 pages

Review: Matt Schneider (Digital Studies).

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